Introduction
Effective and efficient decision-making in service delivery can be compromised by non-involvement of key personnel or over-involvement of lower-echelon employees, which leads to a slowed-down process. The problem is how to determine the trade-offs to make in this situation as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional, top-down approach versus the horizontal approach. This question is especially important today because, in the recent past, decision-makers in the public and private sectors have made a high number of poor decisions. An example of this is the securitization of subprime mortgage loans or using credit default swaps to hedge risk. This ...