Criminal Justice Argumentative Essays Samples For Students

Of all wars to have been conducted by the USA, the war on drugs is the least promising, with government and law enforcement agencies fighting it in a losing battle. When American authorities got it going some 4 decades ago, it was doomed to be a losing war for a number of reasons, of which one is a historic precedent never taken into consideration. It is well-documented that the only lesson we ever learn from history is that we do not learn any lessons from it at all. However, what America should learn is that conventional tools of mandatory bans and restrictions imposed ...

The United States of America has always been an attraction to the world because of the opportunities it offers. Many people realize their career dreams everyday in the US, but some people choose to reside illegally in the hope to build a better future for them. These undocumented residents stay in the country and then utilize the social services as well. Even though the expert view suggests that illegal immigration is bad for the country’s system, the economic perspective states that illegal immigration is actually beneficial for the country and thus such immigrants should be allowed social benefits. This ...

Employee drug use is an expensive problem that American companies face. To compound the situation there are public opinions that support and dispute the ethical dilemma of employer drug testing. Employee drug use costs employers tens of millions of dollars every year. The Department of Labor(2004) states "70% of illegal drug users are employed." Drug use causes businesses to suffer losses due to theft, health care costs, work-related accidents, and absenteeism. Around half of American employers require employee drug testing. Employee drug use costs American businesses $75 - $100 billion dollars every year (2004).

The most common ...

Introduction

Neither constitution nor any parents can stop children from playing video games, as children will find some or other way to play video games. Law Excessive amount of violence in Video games is one of many debated topics in our society. A number of people say that it affects behaviour of children in a substantial manner. These people advocate to ban the games that cater violence on the other hands, a huge number of people do not agree with such logic. They oppose any such step and argue in favour of games even if they portray violence. Court said that “ ...

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The issue of marijuana legalization is one that has weighed on the minds of legislators and marijuana supporters ever since its prohibition. There are many heated arguments on one side of the other, and the issue is extremely controversial. Some say that it is an immoral drug that leads people to a life of crime; others say that marijuana can be medically beneficial to you, and that its prohibition brings about greater crime. In this essay, the legalization of marijuana will be supported, as marijuana does not conclusively cause any harmful effects, and it can severely diminish law enforcement expenses.

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In his 1996 State of the Union speech, President Bill Clinton stated, “If it means teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms” The topic of whether or not school uniforms are a good idea in high schools is still a topic that is hotly debated. Some parents are happy about having a school uniform so they do not have to argue with their children about what they can or cannot wear to school. Some parents think that schools that insist on school uniforms are ...

Introduction

The end of World War II has introduced an era where human rights were not only appreciated, but also considered inherited entitled. They were addressed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, as part of the International Bill of Human Rights, in December, 1948 (United Nations). According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9, no person should be subjected to “arbitrary arrest, detention or exile” (United Nations). However, during wartime, the Fourth Geneva Convention is used, so to define detainees. There are many contradicting viewpoints, as to whether an ...

The discipline of children has been a growing concern for the parents and educators as well as authorities. Parents are constantly striving to shape the discipline and gender roles of their children through different initiatives. Additionally, educators and policy formulators are striving to ensure that, these gender roles are reinforced as well as learned in the schools. Different studies have indicated that, most parents in the United States and in different countries of the world do not spend much time with their children. These children are either left at home with their care takers or sent to day care facilities.
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Ever since the term 'War on Terror' was first used by then US President George W. Bush, in September of 2001, interrogation techniques to elicit information from captured militants or terrorists has been one of the most hotly discussed topics. It goes without saying that extracting information from captured militants is very useful. However, there is a school of thought that believes countries and their intelligence agencies should only go to certain lengths to extract this information. Perhaps one of the most powerful, and controversial, investigation cum torture techniques to extract information is 'water boarding'. Waterboarding involves pouring water over ...

Prisoners' Right to Vote in the UK and the Need for the Current law Reforms

Voting is the most common way of choosing leaders in the continents. Voting rights are the privileges given to those who have acquired the requirements to vote, for example, attaining the required age of eighteen years. However, restrictions are placed on some people as prisoners and ex-members of parliament. A case in point is observed in the UK where prisoners are denied the right to vote. This may be a major setback to the social life of those citizens behind bars, but may also act as a control measure for security reasons in the state of UK. Issuing the inmates with a ...

Claim

My position as per the application of FISA and the Fourth Amendment is that the FISA violates the fourth amendment requirement. This is in line with the fact that the Fourth Amendment Act operates on the basis of the exclusionary rule and revolves around the search and seizure whereas the FISA is seen to violate the exclusionary rule.

Background

The Fourth Amendment Act was put in place following the dissenting argument at the time of arrest by the police officers. This is pegged on the basis that the exclusionary rule which is applied where admissibility of the unlawfully acquired evidence ...

Introduction

Illegal immigration in US is one of the root causes of economic crisis. Immigration mainly takes place across the southern border and areas bordering Mexico; this is due to inefficient measures set out to manage this menace. In the year 2007, illegal immigration was an all-time high at 12.2 million illegal immigrants who traversed and gained entry into the US. 6.9 million Of these illegal aliens were from Mexico. 5.65 million Came from other parts of the world. While the remaining number were victims whose visas had expired. Texas, Florida and New Jersey are among the states that have ...

The debate concerning whether or not marijuana should be sold for medicinal purposes continues to rage with a vengeance. It is hard to imagine an argument that is more heated until one brings up the topic of selling marijuana for recreational purposes. Many argue that doing so is to break all of the boundaries set for the drug, making an illegal and supposedly dangerous substance available to the public at large. At least medicinal marijuana would serve a purpose for those who are suffering; why would selling marijuana for recreational purposes be a good idea? Despite popular opinion there are many reasons ...

Facts

In this case, the defendant, who is black, was charged with intentional firearm killing of individuals. The prosecution filed a death penalty notice, however the defendant moved to suppress that notice, alleging that he became a victim of a selective prosecution on the grounds of his race. In his defense, the defendant presented the nationwide statistics which clearly shows that the United States charges African Americans with capital crimes twice as often as it charges white people, and that the United States is more willing to enter into plea bargain with whites than with blacks. The defendant also filed a request for the ...

Many people believe that the death penalty is a violation of human rights and an inhumane and cruel act. Capital punishment is an inhumane when the person put to death is a guiltless. However, when you give capital punishment to a criminal who ripped and tortured the lives of many others, then the least he/she deserved is to get death penalty. The victims of rape would never feel the sense of safety unless they know that their assaulter had acquired what he/she deserved and executed from earth. If a person leak out any secret of his/her country to the enemy of his/her country, ...

OUTLINE

Introduction

An employer should have the rights to test its employees for drug use.
This is informed by the fact that the market is a free enterprise which entails a willing employee-willing employee concept, otherwise, called the laissez faire.

Body

It is instructive to appreciate the two ethical theories that inform the argument in this paper.
These are the Deontological and the Virtue Ethics theories.
According to the theories, employers have the right to demand certain conditions of their employees.
Conclusion
A conducive environment for working remains a prerequisite for competitive performance.
Drug use remains a hindrance to ...

When an adult breaks the law and is sentenced not much is thought about the matter other than what did they do, why did they do it, and is the punishment fair. When juveniles are convicted and brought to trial however it becomes a very different matter. Why this is seen as so different is largely due to the fact that adults are considered mature enough to make their own decisions and therefore accept the consequences, while juveniles, though still in control of their actions, are less able to control their impulses due to lack of proper education and life ...

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Capital Punishment is a very serious form of punishment which is highly debatable in the field of law. This punishment is usually implemented for the severest of crimes and the most dangerous of criminals. Where in some countries of the world this punishment is given as a norm, there are other countries where this punishment has been deleted from the context of punishments as a rule. Various schools of thought carry their differing opinions of the imposition of the death penalty based on many reasons. My objective ...

Compare and Contrast Two Arguments-Essay-Arguments

for Capital Punishment
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Compare and Contrast Two Arguments-Essay-Arguments
for Capital Punishment
Capital punishment is the punishment given to the criminal which involves sentenced to death. The crime committed by the person leads him to the state in which the judiciary decides the death penalty for him. Capital punishment is an issue comprising of great value due to the democracy prevailing in the states. The question is raised if, capital punishment is ethically a correct way for the alleviation of crimes or not. ...

Questions of Law and Terrorism

1. International Law
Public international law, or international law as it is more commonly known, refers to the body of laws that regulate the interactions among and relations between nations. Increasingly, international law has expanded to include jurisdiction over international governmental organizations such as the United Nations, and non-state actors such as individuals and groups, such as Osama bin Laden or more recently ISIS (Joyner, 2005).
No understanding of international law is complete without first understanding its sources. According to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the judicial arm of the United Nations, the sources of international ...

The legal drinking age in the Unites States of America is one of the highest in the world and stands at 21 years of age. It is defined as the minimum age at which, an individual is allowed to consume alcohol at public places without fear of legal prosecution. This law does not extend to the household, where individuals are generally allowed to consume a few spirits before this age as per celebrations or holiday traditions.
The United States did not always have the highest drinking age. Dating back to World War II, the minimum age limit was 18. ...

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- Introduction :
- Thesis: I believe capital punishment as a punishment for crimes should be reversed. It wastes the government’s money, does not serve its purpose and is immoral.
- Attention Getter: Is the eye-for-an-eye method right? Does killing a person really equate the loss and sorrow of the victim’s family? Is this a form of reinforcement and punishment that we want our youth to nurture in?
- First Argument Against Capital Punishment:
- Capital Punishment is morally wrong
- Second Argument Against Capital ...

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Introduction
Marijuana or marihuana is a well-known drug obtained from a hemp plant known as Cannabis sativa. In the contemporary times, marijuana is considered as one of the most commonly used and renowned illegal drug (Caulkins & Hawken 3). The United States of America is among the top producers of marijuana where a large proportion of population smokes this wonder drug. There has been a vociferous debate on the legalization of marijuana over the past few years in the country. There are many who consider marijuana as a harmless drug that can be used for medicinal purposes. On the other ...

Exclusionary rule was premeditated to deter the misconduct of the police. Therefore, the exclusionary rule was a rule setup to facilitate the courts to exclude the introduction of incriminating evidence during the trial upon the proof that the evidence was obtained in breach of the constitutional provisions. This rule allows the defendants to defy the acceptability of evidence by establishing a pre-trial motion to overturn the evidence. If the court accepts the evidence to be brought in during the trial and the jury accepts to convict, the defendant has the option of challenging the decorum of the decision made by the ...

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Death penalty is a big debatable issue, some states of United States do not have Death penalty, and most of the people are of view that it is a merciless act to take anyone’s life. Speakers against the death penalty say that chances of an innocent person getting jail has higher chances than the actual criminal and life without parole is a better punishment. However, all that is one side of the argument.
When you kill a person, you are not just killing him but destroying his whole family. If you get away with killing, then you can get ...

In this essay I will trace the development of Latin American countries that have led to a violent state of impunity and corruption, particularly in Mexico. The current state of things will be analyzed in light of the recent disappearance of 43 students, a crime in which authorities and criminal organizations are equally responsible.
The history of Latin America is very enlightening when thinking about its current issues. Take poverty for example, Latin American countries were conquered by different European nations and conquerors cohabited with local people. The locals were obligated to serve their conquerors and to live as slaves. ...

How Does Illegal Immigration Affect the U.S. Economy?
Illegal immigration is one of the most problematic issues of the U.S. policymakers. For decades the number of illegal immigrants coming to the USA had been growing. In 2007 there were about 12 million of them living and working in the country when the authorities decided to tackle the problem. By now the number of illegal immigrants has declined (Johnson and Hill 2) and equals approximately 11.1 million. However, it is still disputable whether illegal immigration is beneficial or harmful to the economy of the USA. Although most politicians and ...

Res judicata needs be openly defined in order to decide its scope and confines. First, it should be known that this principle give the impression of being firmly rooted both in the legislations of the member nations and in the Court of Justice case-law. Therefore in this respect, it must be understood that res judicata is closely linked to the principle of legal certainty. Simply put, res judicata means that an adjudicated matter cannot be re-litigated. It’s also important to note that the legal authority of a decision in principle is relative. Striking a balance between conflicting interests is the ...

The legal systems around the world define the Death penalty as the sentencing of a convicted criminal to death. The crimes that are punishable by death in the United States include first-degree murder, Civil rights offense, Espionage, Treason, and Genocide. We often use the word ‘Capital punishment’ interchangeably with the death penalty. Both mean the same thing but with the exception to a minor difference. Capital punishment is defined as the act of executing the punishment of death by administering a lethal injection, electrocution, by use of a gas chamber, death by hanging or shooting of a person by a firing squad, after the person ...

A well-known quote states that “man is capable for the greatest deed, but also the most heinous crime” and in a few cases this statement becomes clearer than the case of death sentence. Death sentence or capital punishment is a form of retribution that despite being abolished by an increasing number of countries worldwide is still active in almost 58 countries that are actively using it. Modern societies in all the stages of their historic evolution are interconnected with violence and crime, while facing those issues and punishing those responsible have become matters of serious skepticism.
Death penalty as means ...

INTRODUCTION

The death penalty is termed as the biggest and most gross form of punishment in the world. It is normally given by a state or country when an offender commits a huge or heinous offence. It has been in the world for the longest time. In fact, it can be traced to several centuries ago for instance in the eighteenth century B. C King Hammurabi of Babylon put together a group of crimes which called for death. In modern times, it got influenced by great Britain as it colonized the world. The first death penalty execution witnessed in the United States was ...

Introduction

Organ trade is a term used to describe a process or operation that involves two individuals, the first one being the donor of the organ and the second one being the receiver of the donated organ, or the one who needs it. There can be many reason why a person would want or need to undergo an organ transplantation surgery and one of the most common reasons are those that are related to medical health and safety.
An individual who has been suffering from chronic diabetes, among other individuals whose kidneys are at high risks of failing, for example, may be ...

Is There a Place for the Death Penalty in the Modern United States?

INTRODUCTION
A man in a plain orange jumpsuit is led down a long hallway of dark cells, surrounded by a number of armed guards, his feet and arms shackled. They enter a small room, with a number of windows, and several officially dressed men. This is this man’s execution. From here, he may be strapped into an electric chair, led onto the gallows, or prepared for lethal injection. The means of capital punishment may differ from state to state, as well as, and debate whether or not capital punishment, or death penalty, should be a legal outcome of criminal convictions, regardless of crime. ...

There are a large number of worthwhile charities to which to donate money. There are none out there that as worthy of a small donation than the American Society to Prevent Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). We hear a lot in the news lately about animals who are neglected or abused -- animals that are abandoned, forced to fight each other, starved, or beaten.
Thus, to be humane means that it is our responsibility to help our relatives in the animal kingdom who are unable to speak for themselves -- namely cats and dogs. The ASPCA is an organization whose mission is ...

The term “Black Death” finds its origins in 1823 whilst referring to a disease characterized by “the black blotches caused by subcutaneous hemorrhages that appeared on the skin of victims.” Otherwise known as the bubonic plague, historians believe the Black Death found its way into Europe from China through trade routes. However, it is not until 1348 that the first signs of the infection appear in England’s society and by 1350; England’s records show a rapid decline in the number of its population. Consequently, between 1348 and 1350, much of medieval Europe saw a division in the elites of its ...

In Support of Legalizing Marijuana

Abstract
Marijuana and it medicinal use continues to be a controversial topic. Surprisingly, marijuana has been around for centuries and many early doctors used the substance to treat a number of medical ailments. The Chinese wrote numerous literatures on the medical uses of marijuana and it is no surprise that modern-day doctors seek to improve to the ancient art of using marijuana for medical purposes. However, as with all substances, there are side effects that cause damages in its users. The excessive use of marijuana cause serious hallucinations, but these dangers are not fatal. There are no records to suggest ...

Introduction

Everybody has habits that they cannot or refuse to get rid of because they feel that the only ones that they are hurting is themselves, the bigger picture is often ignored in favor of people continuing to endanger the lives of those around them. However, it can be argued that if people had a habit that did not endanger their life or someone else’s, there would be no problem and people could live like they want. Most people fail to realize is that almost every habit in the world has a drawback, something that is likely to damage them little ...

Business ethics is the applied discipline addressing moral features of commercial activities. It reflects the philosophy of business that targets determining the ultimate purpose of the company. If the purpose of the company is to maximize returns of the shareholders then the diverted profits to other activities is a violation of the fiduciary responsibility. Corporate entities are legal entities in most nations and legally entitled to the rights and liabilities due to them. Stakeholders in organizations are a group of individuals who affect or get affected by the organization’s achievements or lack of it. They include customers, employees, shareholders, community, ...

Introduction

The Edward Snowden scandal exposed massive electronic surveillance operations by the National Security Agency, which may have involved considerable violations of individual rights to privacy (Puddephatt, et_al, 2012). Privacy is an inalienable human right, whose meaning has, however, defied cross-generational efforts to understand and assert. It underpins other fundamental human dignity, integrity, freedoms and rights, including the freedom to belief, association and expression. Despite the difficulties in defining and understanding privacy as a construct, especially in the context of constantly changing technologies, it is easily acceptable that it amounts to the ability to communicate/live with/in anonymity, without governments or other ...

Legalization of marijuana is a bulky topic; a deep message underlies this debate. Alcohol and drug abuse is number one issue in the United States. The controversy rages on as both sides have clear points of view.
There are many pros and cons of marijuana legalization. However, there is no doubt that use of marijuana harms health and use of this drug will be significantly increased with its legalization. Thus, it is necessary to take everything into account before making a decision whether marijuana should be legalized.
On February 26th, 2014 a recent poll in Texas showed that 49% of Texans ...

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Insanity Plea: The Andrea Yates

Andrea Kennedy Yates married and mother to five children-Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary-was found guilty of killing all five of her children by drowning the children in the bathtub in their home. During the course of the trial, Yates confided that she was “not a good mother” and the children “were not developing correctly” and that she must be chastised. This belief was anchored on the radical teachings of Michael Woroniecki, who taught her that “bad mothers will go to hell and the children these will have will also go to hell.”
In addition, Yates ...

Secularization from Civil War to 1930

Religious difference exists in all places worldwide. As a tool of conviction, religion is so sensitive that if it is not handled properly it can split a country causing civil unrest. It is instructive to note that the longest wars to have existed in the history of humanity were caused by religion. Due to its volatile nature, many countries including the United State (U.S) have decided to separate public life from religious practices (Andrew et al. 72). After the civil war to around 1930s, U.S has shown a continuous trend of separating State from religion in a process referred to as secularization of ...

Introduction

The emergence of cases of bullying among youngsters aged eight to sixteen has never been more prevalent than it is already today. It has been reported that an average of 47% of students going to public schools experiences either or both forms of bullying today. It seemed as if in the past, some cases of bullying have not been reported, nevertheless, this is not enough to say that times have already changed and somehow such changes have actually created a massive adjustment on how the concept of bullying is realized and understood as a major problem in the society (Patterson, 2005). ...

Introduction

In spite of the literal connotation that seems to occurrences that take place at home or domestically, domestic violence does not always remain at home. Alternatively, domestic violence follows its subjects to work, and this often results in disastrous consequences. Homicide is ranked second among the leading causes of death of women at the workplace and that around 15% of these deaths are attributable to current and former lovers (Dougan and Wells, 2007). Every day, many employees are reporting incidences of workplace violence and most of these incidences are related to domestic violence. Dometic violence not only poses a threat ...

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Over the past decade or so, the number of teen suicides that were results of online intimidation, gossips, and insensitive communications has gained national attention to the aspect of the people’s use of technology and internet to apparently bully others. The first thing that occurs in the mind when this topic is thought of would be “What exactly does this cyberbullying mean?” Actually, this question remains to be the main focus of numerous debates, if not a disagreement that at least either of the sides makes. When ordinary bullying of an individual ...

Walls are often built to divide, serve as a foundation or hide. A wall has been used metaphorically to describe many characteristics. But when it comes to the issue surrounding the border between America and Mexico, is there a necessity to create a ‘great wall?’ The growing problem of illegal immigrants has caused alarm to the US authorities’ even decades ago, people from Mexico crossing the border in hopes for a better life. According to Dan Stein in 2007, the true solution to illegal immigration was to secure the border. However, is there truly a strong need to create a bigger separation between the two countries? ...

The capital punishment or a life in prison both are extreme punishments. Both of these punishments are regarded as worst of the worst. Also the death penalty is almost only used for the crime of murder in the United States. However, there are crimes besides murder that are punishable by death, such as raping children, treason against the United States, and terrorism. So, the value of the death penalty is not just to deter the crime of murder and rape, but also to deter organized crimes that might place the entire country at risk, such as treason or terrorism. The ...

The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume alcohol or alcoholic product. The legal drinking age can be different from countries to countries. And these laws have exemptions according to different circumstances. These laws are applied on drinking at public places while drinking at home is exempted from regulations. For different kinds of alcohol, the legal age is also different.
In America, the drinking age is 21 while in European countries the drinking age varies but lower than United States. The European countries are more liberal in this regard and alcohol is part of ...

Drug trafficking pertains to the illegal trading of drugs worldwide, which includes the actual cultivation, production, distribution, possession, and sale of drugs. All these are subject to federal and state laws that ban the selling of drugs, unless the drugs are used for medical purposes. Usually, these drugs are addictive in nature and with continuous use, it can considerably impair body and mental functions. Drug use could lead to loss of memory, heart diseases, cancer, and immune system deficiencies. It could also result to birth defects among children of drug users. It is also pointed out as one of ...

Question One: Drug Trafficking

Latin America has been for a long time a geographical hub for drug production and trafficking. Bolivia, Columbia and Peru are the major producers whereas countries such as Mexico, Caribbean and a large part of Central America provide the routes and avenues for the illegal transportation of drugs to Europe and North American Countries. In most parts of the world, submarines are highly sophisticated military artillery available only to the armed forces. Columbia happens to be an exception of this normalcy. Drug cartels have embraced the new advancement in military technology to transport drugs. The Columbian Navy captured a 1.32 million pounds drug ...

“All punishment is mischief; all punishment is itself evil”. This is a famous quote by Jeremy Bentham, famous British jurist and philosopher. Bentham died in 19th century. So is it expediency to think so nowadays when it is already 21st century, when material and spiritual values have changed? Things that used to be immoral back in 19th century are common today in our modern world, so can this quote be considered practical?
One will say that crime should not be punished as they do not separate such things as “punishment” and “crime”. These two words are equal to such ...

Cornealious Anderson was arrested and subsequently convicted of the armed robbery of a fast food restaurant in 2000. Before July of 2012, he had served no time in prison for this offense in spite of the fact that he was sentenced to thirteen years in prison for the act. Anderson was supposed to receive instructions for when and where to report to prison but he did not. However, Anderson was still aware that he was supposed to report to prison to serve his sentence and did not take any steps to find out when and where he should begin serving ...

Thesis: The death penalty in the United States is an antiquated practice that should be abolished. The death penalty fails to deter crime, is riddled with risks for inaccuracy and is unethical in a modern state that value human rights.
Aronson, Jay D. and Simon A. Cole. (2009). Science and the Death Penalty: DNA, Innocence, and the Debate over Capital Punishment in the United States. Law & Social Inquiry. 34 (3), 603-633.
This article argues that even with the advent of technology such as DNA, these sciences are still fundamentally problematic and able to make mistakes. With these mistakes ...

Introduction

The use of guns in US has been on the rise over the years, which has brought many controversies. As much as there are gun rights and laws stating its use, still, there lie some elements that render the use of guns uncouth. The rise of use of guns has always been a hot-button issue that has never sorted clarification in US, especially during elections that it’s almost uncontrollable. Many lives are put to risk, with death reports filling the media, often, they are gun related (Kellermann and Rivara, 2013. pg., 550).
Gun related problems, form the activists ...

Introduction

The topic surrounding the controversial debate of whether illegal immigrants should benefit from free education offered by the state and federal government has brought about various views presented by scholars, interest groups, governmental and non-governmental organization. Each group is of the view that there are reciprocal effects associated with views of the opposing group. With regard to contrasting views presented by these two groups, the paper seeks to conduct an argumentative analysis from which recommendations will be suggested based on the realistic and impacts the chosen views have on the socio-economic and geo-political status of various states in America.

States should educate children of illegal immigrants

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Criminal Justice

Introduction
In the short play written by Billy Goda entitled “No Crime”, he claimed that “a man is innocent until proven guilty by law”. With this statement, Goda maintains that even if a man confesses to commit murder, but the confession was not made before the police or before the court, he must still be treated as an innocent man. It is only the judge who conducted the trial of the accused, who can issue a ruling that the man is guilty (Goda 76).

Point

The quantum of evidence needed for the crime of murder is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the ...

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The death penalty has been used in human societies for centuries to stop crime from spreading. It is regarded as a defense mechanism so that the society can be free from dangerous criminals. According to a recent statistic, there have been 1348 executions of the death penalty since 1976 in the US alone. On average single death penalty, case costs up to $2.4 million.
However, later on this type of punishment was regarded as a crime as well by the humanists around the world. Until this day, ...

- The legal issue surrounding flag burning and its verdict in relation to human rights
- The First Amendment
- Comparison between the Arab and Western world on human rights
- Conclusion
- Drawing comparison through cultural expressions
- Debriefing the two authors views
- Justification of Argument

Introduction

What are human rights? It’s the rights humans have. Anybody and everybody born on this planet, irrespective of their nationality, sex, color, religion, and language are equal before the law, and are thus, entitled to be treated equally without discrimination.

The majority of people in the countries in the Middle-East, Africa, and to a certain extent, South America, face discrimination, and human rights issues.
Can non-government organizations, or the elite society of a country help protect their citizens from human rights issues” On reading In Defense of Professional Human Rights Organizations, by Azzam (2014), and Elites Still Matter When Protecting Human Rights, by Cordero (2014), it is apparent that they both failed to address what needs to be done to protect innocent citizens from human rights violations.

In a report in Human Rights, by an anonymous writer in 2009, said that, Kosba, an Egyptian woman, and a few other Egyptian participants, which included lawyers, journalists, engineers, researchers, pharmacists, and activists, participated in a three-week program on human rights abuse, in the U.S. On completing the program, Kosba voiced her opinion that, human rights in their country could come, “if there is an empowered civil society and a new generation of reformers who are grounded in their faith and freedom.”

Kosba’s view has a lot of authenticity, simply because, here, we have a person who has seen and experienced or heard of human rights discrimination at close range. Her view is a perfect example of what needs to be done to stop human rights violations in her country.

In 2013, as the man who tried to become another Hosni Mubarak, Mohamed Morsi was abdicated from office by the military. The so-called empowered civil society is none other than the government, for, it is the government alone, which can initiate and introduce laws to protect people from injustice. It is governments alone, which has the ethical and legal duty to ensure that their people live with dignity. Human rights cover a wide range of issues. It’s not just providing basic security and amenities to the public; it also covers social, cultural, economic, religious and other humanitarian issues. These are not issues that non-government organizations or the elite club members of a country can address or solve. It has to have the support of the government.

People diagnosed with a terminally ill disease should have the right to choose their fate in order to keep their dignity.

Euthanasia is defined as the intentional killing of a person on compassionate grounds, to relieve the person of misery and pain. In most cases of euthanasia, the affected person is put to sleep by a direct action of using a lethal injection, or terminating an action necessary to maintain life. For euthanasia to occur there must be an intention to act to kill. Euthanasia can be voluntary and involuntary, depending upon the seriousness of the case. Of these, the most common cases relate to voluntary euthanasia, where the affected person asks for mercy killing. Harsh as it may sound, euthanasia harbors around this category, for it is the only accurate, non-emotional word to describe the reality of the action and a word that the law uses

The debate on euthanasia continues to cover the front pages of medical journals and the like, yet, there are no clear winners so far, to address the plea of those who seek mercy killing. Dr. Donald Low produced a video eight days before his death, castigating the medical establishment for forcing unnecessary suffering on terminal patients.

Nursall (2014), reporting on euthanasia in The Star.com, wrote that Ed Hung, “who suffered from ALS, died on Sunday in Switzerland, the only country that allows physician-assisted suicide for non-residents.” The other countries that have similar laws for their residents are Belgium and Holland. Several states in the U.S allow doctors to prescribe fatal drugs to terminally ill patients.

The debate on both, assisted suicide and euthanasia continue to rage, as many people try to take the extreme step on medical and mental grounds. No one in their senses would think of killing themselves unless they face uncertainty of life, and/or excruciating pain. To live or die, is the right of a person, and no one has the right to object to that. As Dr. Low said, just before his death, that the medical establishment had no right to put him through such pain and torture.

There is a popular belief that euthanasia shouldn't be allowed even if it were morally right, because, should the law turn a blind eye to euthanasia, it could be abused and used as a cover for murder (BBC, 2005). This argument clearly shows that it has to be a law, that decides what is right and what is wrong, and not, any non-government organizations or the elite society.

Freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of assembly and petition are all expressions that are based on human rights. These are laws passed by legislation, approved by the government and practiced by the judiciary.

In 1984, during the Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, a certain Gregory Lee (Joey) Johnson was part of a political demonstration. The protest was against some of President Reagan’s, and some Dallas-based corporation’s policies. In the heat of the moment, and sometime during the march, it came to light that Johnson had burned an American flag in full view of the demonstrators.

While the march was peaceful, and no one was physically injured or threatened with injury, several protestors who were witness to Johnson’s defamation, were offended by his action. Johnson was found guilty and convicted for desecrating the national flag in violation of a Texas statute. He was charged, and the case was allowed by the State Court of Appeals (Apel, 1989).

However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed their earlier decision, citing that, the State of Texas, consistent with their opinion of the First Amendment, would not punish Johnson for burning the flag. The court declared that Johnson’s act of burning the flag was an expressive conduct that could be protected by the First Amendment. The First Amendment ensured that there could be no prosecution of Johnson under the present circumstance, and so, concluded that the State could not file criminal charges against Johnson for his act. The statute too, did not meet the State’s goal of preventing breaches of the peace, and so, Johnson was not guilty of causing and serious public disturbances (Apel, 1989).

It would be illogical to even contemplate questioning certain Muslim nations whether they have such freedom available to them. It is the rulers who dictate and pass laws there, and the government is just an entity. The question, therefore, is not whether these countries have such liberties accorded to their citizens, but, can an elite league or a non-government organization, let alone, the government; have the power to overrule the hierarchy in those nations?

In the U.S, the First Amendment was passed into law by the government, and protected by the judiciary. Therefore, such human rights are clearly under the jurisdiction of the government, and not some non-government organizations or elite societies.

Conclusion

Would it be possible for them to disobey the hierarchy and take the matter to their Supreme Court? For a nation like Saudi Arabia, where it is illegal for women to show their face in public places, or drive cars on their own, such luxuries are a distant dream, because it is the law of the hierarchy, and not a law that allows them the freedom of expression.

It can be concluded that while both, Azzam (2014), and Cordero (2014), accept the importance of human rights, they are far less convincing in assessing how human rights issues need to be addressed. True, some elites and non-government organizations do have influence with their governments, but they don’t have the power to influence governments in issues as sensitive as this, which is, a human rights issue. It is only governments that can address the issue of human rights, and not non-government organizations or the elite.

Works cited

Apel, Warren S, (1989), U.S. Supreme Court: TEXAS v. JOHNSON, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) 491 U.S. 397, Certiorari to the Court of Criminals Appeals of Texas, No. 88-155, Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.esquilax.com/flag/texasvjohnson.html
Azzam, F, (2014), In defense of 'professional' human rights organizations, Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/fateh-azzam/in-defense-of-professional-human-rights-organizations
Anonymous, (2009), Human Rights, The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, American Educational Trust, Volume 28(5), ISSN 87554917, p. 58-59
BBC, Religion and Ethics: Ethical Issues, bbc.co.uk, Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/euthanasia/overview/introduction.shtml
Cordero, F, (2014), Elites still matter when protecting human rights, Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/felipe-cordero/elites-still-matter-when-protecting-human-rights
Nursall, K, (2014), Canada's shifting landscape on euthanasia, GTA, Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/03/19/canadas_shifting_landscape_on_euthan asia.html
Shin, H, B, (2013), Human Rights, Asian Journal of International Law, Cambridge University Press, Volume 3(2), ISSN 20442513, p. 419-420, DOI http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/10.1017/S2044251313000118

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