Acid College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

Vitamin C also referred to as L-ascorbic acid is an essential component of nutrients that is needed by both human and animal species. Ascorbic acid has a molecular formula of C6H8O6 and a molecular weight of 176.13. The term vitamin C refers to the various vitamers which have the vitamin C activity. These vitameters include ascorbic acid together with its salts. Some of the functions that are associated with vitamin C include keeping the cells health and giving them protection and maintaining healthy connective tissue that are involved in supporting and giving shape to other tissues as well as organs. Vitamin ...

In the article “After all those warnings about saturated fat being unhealthy for hearts Stop feeling guilty! That juicy steak is good for you,” Bee (2013) explains that scientific evidence is beginning to refute previous beliefs about saturated fat being bad for health by increasing risk of heart attacks. However, a cohort study by Yavchitz et al. (2012) found that the quality of media reports on scientific studies is often questionable, so it is important to be cautious when accepting statements presented by mainstream media.
Upon conducting the assessment of medical news reported in the media, the researchers found ...

The rain, when it falls, brings along itself the polluted water, which is obtained from the polluted environment. Acid rain is harmful to the environment as it contains too many harmful components in it. Acid rain is a polluted rain. When the air gets polluted due to industries, emission of carbon dioxide, and the emission of harmful gases from vehicles, these all combine together and create air pollution. This air pollution thus creates polluted clouds and eventually the polluted rain falls. This polluted rain is called acid rain.

According to the scientists, air pollution is the main reason of acid ...

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Aim/Objectives
The aim of this experiment is to quantify the how much salicylic acid is collected between three different urine samples. A control sample, samples taken from subjects taking sodium bicarbonate to make the urine more basic, and samples from subjects taking ammonium chloride to make the urine more acidic. Using the assays provided, we will attempt to quantify the amount of salicylic present in the urine sample by the concentration and pH level since the ionization of salicylic acid is dependent on urinary pH.

Abstract/Introduction

Salicylic acid, a major component of Aspirin, is a compound used to ease ...

Hydrochloric acid is a clear, pungent solution of hydrogen chloride that has been mixed with water. It is also commonly known as muriatic acid. It is a highly corrosive acid with many industrial uses and can cause burns when it comes to skin contact.
It is a highly concentrated acid with a high pH value and thus maximum care must be taken when dealing with it. It can easily cause burns to the skins and eyes if not properly handled. It is, therefore, important to use protective material such as gloves and eye glasses when handling it. Wearing of a lab coat also ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women (Knott).
Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin (Lindenbaum, John, & Klipstein 16).
Malnutrition in pregnant females is the main ...

Background.

Gastrointestinal tract is a series of organs starting at the mouth and ending in the anus. The movement of various muscles in GI tract and release of enzymes and acid in the stomach initiate digestion of food. The upper GI tract is made up of the organs mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and duodenum1.
Gastroesophageal reflux is the process of backing up or refluxing of the stomach content to the esophagus or mouth. It is a normal developmental process observed in many healthy infants. Most episodes of GER are asymptomatic, though occasional spit up is observed in GER in infants. ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet. This results in the utilization of about 80% of oxygen and gives respiratory quotient of 0.8 (Arthurs & Sudhakar 2005, p. 207). Carbon is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

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Introduction
Gout is an arthritis that causes severe pain in the joints. It causes the joints to swell up and cause a lot of pain. The body makes a chemical named Uric acid. This is present in the blood. In normal cases, majority of this uric acid is passed out from the body through urine and stool. However, for the people those have the condition of gout, the level of uric acid created by the body increases. This increase in production of uric acid causes small ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet (Arthurs &Sudhakar 2005). Carbon dioxide is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly regulated. This paper aims at discussing the production and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells through ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women.
Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin ( Lindenbaum, John, and Klipstein ,16 ).
Malnutrition in pregnant women is the commonest ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

Acids trace a history back to the years of when tasting was the main mode of classification of substances. This traces back to the ancient Greeks whereby a name of sour-tasting substances was developed from Latin. Among the very many substances tested, a very sour tasting substance, which was vinegar, was found to portray certain characteristics (Porter, 1992.). This later develop to the name ‘acid’ which up to date is used to mean substances which have sour tastes and are slippery and corrosive. In some simple experiments, the 17th century scientists were able to learn that acids were corrosive mostly to certain ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action
An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation
Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2
Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2
In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Latent Fingerprinting and its Reliability as Forensic Evidence

Introduction
The discovery and subsequent improvement in forensic science has been a road marred with many challenges. However, despite these challenges, its acceptance as a rudimentary source of evidence in the judicial system is fascinating. Nonetheless, there are copious number of skeptics who argue that the science is based on probability; thus does not fit to be termed as an actual science. (1) Among the source of their skepticism is in evidence collection. In this work, there is an exploration of fingerprint collection on diverse surfaces.

Ways of Collecting Fingerprint Evidence from different Surfaces

Fingerprints can be identified from several surfaces, which include the porous, non-porous, and semi-porous ...

Abstract

Color and texture are important attributes related to vegetable quality. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in quality characteristics, caused by cooking time, and pH (alkali and acid addition) in some vegetables. Four different vegetables — carrots, spinach, red cabbage and cauliflower — were analyzed for changes in color and texture associated to time of boiling, the effect of alkali (baking soda), and the effect of acid (vinegar and cream of tartar). Samples of each vegetable were prepared and treated for five minutes. Color change was measured visually and using the L*a*b* technique. Color and ...

Abstract

Color and texture are important attributes related to vegetable quality. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in quality characteristics, caused by cooking time, and pH (alkali and acid addition) in some vegetables. Four different vegetables — carrots, spinach, red cabbage and cauliflower — were analyzed for changes in color and texture associated to time of boiling, the effect of alkali (baking soda), and the effect of acid (vinegar and cream of tartar). Samples of each vegetable were prepared and treated for five minutes. Color change was measured visually and using the L*a*b* technique. Color and ...

A1. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical processes (e.g., fructose metabolism, glycolysis); A2. Explain how a deficiency in aldolase B can be responsible for hereditary fructose intolerance; A4. Discuss the specific substrate acted on by aldolase B during the breakdown of fructose; A5. Explain the role of aldolase B in the breakdown of fructose by discussing the products of the reaction.
Enzymes are proteins that work as catalysts in reactions. A catalyst is something that is neither created nor destroyed during a reaction. Instead, an enzyme is shaped such that when the substrate reacts with the enzyme the ...

With close to 2.8% of the earth’s crust consisting of sodium in compounds, Sodium is by no doubt one of the most abundant elements on earth. The element has an atomic mass of about 22.98 amu and belongs to period 3 Group 1 (1A) (between Lithium and potassium) hence has an atomic number of 11, a valance of 1 and an oxidation state of +1. The Latin name for the symbol of Sodium is Natrium hence the symbol Na while the “Sodium” in Latin is referred to as Sodanum. Additionally, even though the element has 14 isotopes, the only ...

There are various ions that are responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a substance. The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are both responsible for the acidic and basic nature of substance respectively. A neutral substance contains equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) as well as hydroxide ions (OH-) An acid is substance that dissolve and donate hydrogen ions leading to more number of hydrogen ions in a solution. A substance that dissolves water and release hydroxide ions is considered a base. A base has more number of hydroxide ions as compared to hydrogen ions hence basic.
Alkalinity ( ...

Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations

Chapter 9: Acids and Bases
Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...

Exercise 1

- The columnar epithelium from the stomach resembles the columnar epithelium from the duodenum in many aspects. The columnar nature of the epithelium in both instances serves for increased protection of the underlying organs and organelles. The simple columnar epithelia found in the stomach and duodenum also contains the largest cytoplasmic volumes in comparison to all the other epithelia, housing organelle density and energy reserves suitable in the engagement of the most complex of secretory and absorption functions. The duodenum epithelia however, posses an extra microvillus which aids in increasing the surface area for absorption. The epithelia in the ...

Spina bifida is a birth defect involving the incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. Normally, it occurs towards the end of the first pregnancy a time when both sides of the embryo’s spine do not succeed to join together thereby resulting in an open area. There are also cases when the other membranes or the spinal cord may push through this opening in the back. This condition however is detectable before the baby is born and it can be treated right away. It is the most common of a group of defects known as neural tube defects which ...

1. What happens to glucose or galactose when the Cu2 in Benedict’s is reduced?
The glucose and galactose both monosaccharaides are oxidized. The cyclic structures of both sugars are opened resorting to an aldehyde group at the end of the aliphatic compound. The aldehyde group is the one that reduces benedict’s solution and oxidizes the sugars.
2. Would you expect fructose or glucose to form a red color rapidly with Seliwanoff’s reagent?
Fructose is a ketose therefore, a deep red color will form quickly with Seliwanoff reagent, while glucose an aldose with form a light pink color ...

Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption of a Two-Component Mixture

Introduction. An HPLC instrument was used to determine the UV-Visible Absorption measurements of a cola containing benzoic acid and caffeine. The absorbance wavelength was also measured for an unknown solution. Standards were prepared in order to graph calibration curves (absorbance vs. concentration). Four dilutions were made from the 50 mg/L benzoic acid standard. Four dilutions were made from the 100 mg/L caffeine standard.

Part 1. The UV-VIS spectra for the unknown sample are presented in Figure 1. The spectra showed two peak absorbance at wavelengths 228 nm and 273 nm.

Table 1. Unknown Sample, Peak Absorbance.

Figure 1. UV Absorbance ( ...

Binary acids form the second category of acids after oxy-acids. As opposed to oxy-acids, binary acids are only composed of two elements. The basic elements that form binary acids include hydrogen and a nonmetal compound. It is imperative to note that binary acids have two things in common; the fact that they both contain hydrogen atom and the presence of a nonmetal atom in their composition (Tro, 2015). A combination of a hydrogen atom and a nonmetal atom results in the formation of a binary acid. The concept is bets understood through examples. Some of the most common binary ...

(College/University/Institute)

GERD: Introduction

“Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a syndrome wherein the stomach’s contents of those in the small intestine constantly move up into the esophagus. The rearwards motion of the contents is called a “reflux.” This condition results in the person being subjected to episodes of heartburn, a stinging sensation felt under the sternum part of the chest, is the initial symptom of heartburn; this is traditionally felt after the person has a heavy meal, or lies down or lifts a heavy object immediately after eating. If a person is consistently experiencing bouts of reflux and extreme heartburn, then ...

The area chosen for analysis of the acid rain effect is New Hampshire. Fig. 1 shows the effect of acid rain in Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. In the area, researchers discovered acid rain by analyzing rainfall and runoff in brooks (Fig. 1) (Evans-Brown, 2014).
Acidity change in water bodies induces dissolving aluminum from soils and rocks and affects fish population since aluminum is toxic. It also stimulates leaching of nutrients from soil, and slows growth of the crops and trees.
The pH of the brook fluctuates within 4.9-5.1 for the last 20 years (Campbell et al., 2007). ...

The blood requires a balance between alkaline as well as acid components to function appropriately. Such a balance is referred as acid-base balance. The lungs, as well as kidneys, function to maintain such balance. Whatever variation causes acid-base imbalance. High levels of acid are referred as acidosis, and high alkaline is referred as alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis, as well as alkalosis, results from kidneys problem. Respiratory alkalosis and acidosis occur because of lungs' problem (Schrier 162). The levels or concentrations of acid or alkaline are determined on a scale of pH. Acidity makes pH levels fall, and alkaline condition makes ...

Biomolecules serve different functions in a cell. The three major classes of biomolecules in the cell are: proteins, nuclei acids and carbohydrates. These molecular structures serve nearly similar functions in most organisms. Though the function of protein in forming cell architecture, signaling and communication is well known, little is known about the role of carbohydrate in communication. Nevertheless, it goes un-denying that carbohydrates are indispensable for cellular communication and signaling, just like proteins and nucleic acids. The paper titled, Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition, by the authors Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis, is a good review that elucidates the significance ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin
The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Protein synthesis is the process through which the biological cells produce new protein molecules. The process helps in balancing the cellular proteins that are lost through export or degradation. The synthesis of proteins occurs through a series of processes known as translation where the ribosomes are the organelles that are involved in the creation of proteins. Translation is a part of gene expression using the messenger RNA or mRNA that is produced through transcription of the DNA molecule. The produced mRNA is then decoded to produce a chain of specific amino acids using the ribosome complex. The amino acid chain produced is ...

Chemistry can be described as the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.

The Mechanisms and Synthesis of Aspirin

Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a salicylate drug used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains, as an anti-inflammatory drug, and as an antipyretic to suppress fever. (Vane & Bottling 2000)
The name “Salicylic acid’ was derived from salix, which is the willow family of plants. In ancient ...

- The percent by mass of sulfur trioxide (SO3)

Calculation

Molar mass H2SO4 = 98.078 g/molMolar mass SO3 = 80.063 g/molMolar mass 3H2SO4. 5 SO3 = (98.078 x 3) + (80.063 x 5) = 694.549 g/mol% SO3 = (80.063 x 5) x 100/ 694.549 =57.6
- Potentially hazardous features associated with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid has been associated with various dangers that pose harm to humanity existence. One of the hazards involved with it is its corrosive nature. This is an effect entailing a slow obliteration of material, for instance in metals, via chemical reaction. The wearing out of material by sulfuric acid agents ...

Assignment:

Coconut contains a high percentage of saturated fat. The fat content comprises 92 percent saturated fat, six percent mono-saturated fat, and only two percent polyunsaturated fat. The FDA recommends that less than 10 percent of an individual’s daily caloric intake should be from saturated fats, an issue that made coconut oil a controversial health food. However, today various health experts have found that consuming coconut oil is in fact healthy. It has been found that cultures with a high consumption of coconut oil generally have less illness. In addition, coconut oil is a good source of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), and ...

Abstract

Adsorption differs from absorption and activated clays are one of the most effective adsorbents in nature. The adsorbing action of activated clay is a selective adsorption process. Due to its effectiveness, activated clay has wide applications such as cleaning up oil spills and adsorbing dyes. Zeolite made up of silicon, aluminum and oxygen is also an adsorber, and it can be synthesized. Synthesis simply increases its pore or cavity sizes and makes it hydrophobic. Zeolites are selective adsorbers because of their unique pore sizes. Zeolites are used in removing heavy metals such as zinc, iron, copper, chromium and so ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

Homework Assignment 1

Question 1: Explain the key difference between irritation and allergic contact dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis refers to a condition in which the skin becomes sore, red or inflamed after direct contact with a foreign substance. There are two types that include irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.
Irritant dermatitis occurs after a body comes into contact with acid or alkaline material. It can also be caused by other materials such as a soap detergent, fabric softeners, solvents and any other chemical that get into contact with the body. The irritation is usually confined to the specific area that the body came ...

Did Annie’s macronutrient intake fall within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) established by the Dietary Reference Intakes? Fill in the table below.

Carbohydrates
List the 5 primary sources of carbohydrate in Annie’s diet, and indicate the primary type(s) of carbohydrate provided by that source (you can identify the primary sources of carbohydrate by clicking the “+” on the left side of the “Nutrients” report online).
How did Annie’s fiber intake compare to her target of 25 grams? Give 4 examples of foods that Annie could include to increase her daily fiber intake (identify foods that ...

Chapter #16:

Question 1.
Insect-eating birds will decrease in number since their source of food has been reduced. The birds may also migrate to warmer areas during this period.

Question 2.

The habitat is the specific place where the organism lives e.g. a fish’s habitat is water. On the other hand, niche is the position and the role played by the organism in an ecosystem. It includes how the organism obtain food and shelter, the mode of survival, and the mode of reproduction (Sutton & Anderson, 2009, p. 46). For instance, a lion’s niche in the ecosystem is that of a predator.Question ...

Abstract

In the following case-study, Joshua is a newborn infant presented by his parents Samuel and Rachel to the pediatric outpatient unit of Robertsbridge, Sussex for screening and medical advice for sporadic vomiting at the time of breast feeding and seizure-like episodes. Samuel and Racheal also report sweet odor in the urine and loss of weight. Blood tests demonstrated increased concentrations of leucine and isoleucine. Genetic testing on the skin biopsies reveal mutation at Exon 6, c.659C>T of the of BCKDHA gene with a protein level p. A220V and Joshua exhibits about 1.5 % lesser than normal deficiency in the ...

1.
Biofuels are fuels in the gaseous or liquid form and can be rapidly regenerated from sources like crops, plants and municipal waste. Existing biofuels are generated from carbohydrates such as sugar and starch (wheat and sugarcane crops). Existing biofuels, such as ethanol, have a lesser energy content (volumetric energy density) relative to conventional hydrocarbon fuels natural gas and petroleum . Furfural and Levulinic acid are molecules that can be obtained from biomass and converted into biofuels. Levulinic acid can be synthesized in greater amounts (>70%) from inedible hexose bio-polymers such as cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose ...

Electric vehicles (EV) are receiving a great interest as an alternative to conventional transportation on oil with the purpose to decrease noise, environmental pollution by reducing carbon emissions and to reduce dependence on oil (Lowry & Larminie, 2012). Moreover, using nuclear and alternative energy including renewable allows to produce zero release of carbon dioxide by vehicles. Currently, road vehicles just reached the stage when electric cars are produced in quantity but still not widely used. First, electric cars have significantly less range. Second, it takes much more time to recharge batteries (several hours for lead acid battery) than to put ...

Introduction 1

Application 1
Physical and Chemical properties 2
Conclusion 3
Figures 5

Indtroducion

In my research paper, I want to talk about such an important element as silicon. I will focus on its physical and chemical properties and application in life.
Silicon is a chemical element of the subgroup (C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) of the periodic system of elements, nonmetal. The crystal structure of silicon is shown in Figure 1. Silicon was isolated in 1811 by Znan Gey-Lussac and L.Tenarom by passing the vapor of silicon fluoride over metallic potassium, but they did not describe it as an element. ...

(City, State)

Introduction

A balanced diet refers to the food intake, which incorporates all the dietary needs of an organism in the right proportions. This is unlike the adequate diet, which includes the energy that is sufficient energy for the need of an individual. A balanced diet, therefore, includes both sufficient energy as well as all the dietary requirements that are needed by an individual at the right proportion. The main components that make up a balanced diet include carbohydrate, proteins, vitamins, fats, dietary fiber, water and minerals. Carbohydrates as a source of nutrients in the body are usually broken down through ...

RPC is a plastic manufacturing conglomerate domiciled in the United Kingdom. The origin of the group can be traced from the merger between five companies in the year 1991, followed by management buyouts of several related plastic manufacturing businesses within the region. The twenty years ending 2011 have been very significant for the group growth wise, which has seen the company make great strides in the growth of different facets of business defined by sales, profitability, as well as the market share of the products that are offered to the market. The company is headquartered in Northampton shire and currently ...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container of the consumer. ...

Percentage of fat the athlete’s diet

Fat is a fundamental source of energy for the body. Importantly, fat provides approximately nine calories per gram which makes it a dense macronutrient. In strenuous athletic activities that last for about 6 hours, fats can offer about 60 to 70 percent of the energy required (Clifford & Maloney, 2011). Fats consumption in a diet of an athlete should be less than 30% of calories. Since athletes need a lot of energy, it is good to retain their fat intake at sufficient levels. However, depending on the activity, the athlete can decide to keep their fat intake at a minimum ...

An acid is defined as a chemical substance that is capable of forming an aqueous solution with the ability to turn a blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste and form salts when it reacts with certain metals and bases. A substance will qualify to be an acid if it is capable of increasing the number of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, or the capability of that substance to be deprotonated, act as a proton donor during reactions. A base is a substance that in aqueous solution feels slippery, has a bitter taste, and is capable of ...

Introduction

Over the course of the last few decades, global pollution has overwhelmingly been on the rise. As years go by - the humans' way of thinking evolves. Hence, the technological aspect of life keeps on advancing rapidly at the expense of contaminating our planet. Similar to other elements associated with human life, the natural environment is also undergoing a continuous change. There is the unchallengeable need of developing knowledge of the issues that characterize this change. The modern world is experiencing an increase in the natural calamities and varying weather patterns. These changes are primarily associated with the environmental ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Infrared Spectrophotometry and Organic Chemistry
Infrared (IF) Spectrophotometry is designed to determine the sample by measuring infrared radiation absorption of wavenumbers within the region of 4,000-400 cm-1 at different wavenumbers, as it passes through the sample. This technique employs the property that the IF absorption spectrum of the material is typical of its chemical structure. IR spectra are demonstrated in charts drawn via plotting on the abscissa and the absorbances or transmittances on the ordinate. Except when indicated, when the spectrum of the sample is the same in the intensity of absorption at a similar wavenumber to the ...

Homeostasis means highly complex interactions, which are regulated to maintain the balance within the body of humans. Homeostasis establishes optimum conditions within an organism thereby this balance is required for the normal and proper functioning of the body. To perform the division of labor Homeostasis is divided into sub categories like temperature and acid-base homeostasis. Acid base homeostasis deals with the pH of the body. Any organism’s body is highly sensitive to maintain a level of its pH such metabolic pathways exist which maintain its normal level.
PH is very important to maintain as more than 70% of ...

Vegetarian diets can be hazardous to health because many beliefs about the diet’s benefits are not supported by scientific evidence (Byrnes 72). According to the American Dietetic Association, vegetarian and vegan diets can be healthy at all stages of the life cycle when planned correctly (Craig and Mangels 1266). In the literature review by Craig and Mangels, the authors attempted to prove that the vegetarian diet includes all of the required nutrients, such as vitamin D or vitamin B-12 (1269). However, most empirical studies failed to correlate vegetarianism with improved health (Key 524S), and plant-based diets were associated ...

Liquidity Ratios

These are ratios that help accompany to meet its short term maturity obligations. They are arbitrary measures that are used to verify a company’s capability to settle off short-term debts responsibilities. They basically measure the ability of the company to meet its near-term obligations. Current ratio and acid test ratio are example of liquidity ratio measures.

Current ratio

Current ratio is a liquidity measure that shows the rate at which a company is able to meet its short- term liabilities using its current assets. It indicates the capability of a company to meets its short term liabilities with its current assets. Companies with current ...

Johann Friedrich Miescher was the first one to introduce us about his finding of an acidic substance which was weak in nature and was present in the nuclei of the WBC present in human beings and the first name given to this substance was “nuclien”. It took few more years for Miescher to research and find out the two components present in the unknown substance and they were “protein” and “nucleic acid”.

As the research on the nucleic acid progressed, it was found that they were the primary components present in chromosomes and a close analysis of the constituents revealed ...

Introduction

Prenatal iron supplementation has been the customary recommendation in addressing maternal anemia especially in developing countries for over thirty years (West, et al., 2014). There is paucity of information regarding the correspondence between hemoglobin levels in pregnant women and iron supplementation. The limited information in this pertinent public health issue is more pronounced in developing countries as West, et al., (2014) opines. The main purpose of this research is thus to establish the efficacy of prenatal iron supplements on the hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in developing countries.

Research design

In order to achieve the study’s objective, the methodology will ...

Chemical Weathering

Chemical weathering in the mid-latitudes is the process where rocks are weakened and disintegrated by chemical reactions that occur in the soil. Some of the chemical reactions that cause chemical weathering are oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis. These processes are involved in either forming or destroying minerals and therefore altering the nature of the mineral composition of the rocks. The process of chemical weathering on rocks characterizes the second stage of rock disintegration. The first process occurs during physical weathering and it involves disintegrating rocks into small pieces which are further broken into smaller pieces by chemical weathering. The most ...

Manganese

What function does it perform, in critical metabolic events in human biology?
Manganese acts as a co-factor to nearly all classes of enzymes such as hydrolases (phosphohydrolase), transferases (phosphotransferase), ligases, lyases, oxido-reductases, kinases and decarboxylase. It also helps in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It can also mediate reactions as a metalloenzyme (Medeiros & Wildman, 2015; Gropper & Smith, 2013). While manganese can be replaced by magnesium in some of the catalytic reactions, two reactions in the synthesis of connective tissue pathway, namely, the activation of xylosyl transferase and glycosyl transferase or galactosyl transferase, are specifically manganese–dependent. These ...