Adultery College Essays Samples For Students

Adultery and divorce are the factors that require great consideration because they affect the lives of most of people. In the cases of the adultery and divorce the counselor plays a significant role. Proper guidance by the counselor can help in saving the relations and lives of many individuals. In this paper, the counseling options and effective addressing of the situation involving adultery and divorce cases are discussed in detail from a counselor point of view.
In an adulterous relation, people loss their family, job, dignity, trust, self respect, relationship with families and God. The commitment and the loyalty of ...

The Sermon on the Mount is the most famous of Jesus’s sermons presented in the New Testament. It covered such moral issues as anger and murder, adultery and lust, oaths and revenge, and many other keen issues that have been actual within the thousands of years to the present time. ("What is the Sermon on the Mount?", 2016)
In the verses 27-30 of chapter 5 of the gospel according to Matthew, Jesus speaks about adultery and lust. He reminds His listeners about the Old Testament rules concerning this issue and explains it wider applying to His teaching.
“You ...

This essay is based on the article “No Name Woman” by Donald McQuade and Robert Atwan. The culture that is focused upon in this article is the Chinese culture. It is evident form this article that the Chinese have a unique culture that is centered on the family and societal morals. In the article, the authors address the idea of adultery in the Chinese culture. The Chinese culture abhors adultery. Adultery is treated as being a formal of moral decadence. The perpetrators of adultery face serious repercussions for actions of adultery. For example, the protagonist in the article becomes pregnant when ...

Introduction

Even though her works were exemplary, she was little known to the world; after all, Marie de France was not her original name. All her fame came from her distinct poetic works. Information about her birth place remain scanty, however, there is a strong belief that she was French born but raised up in England; all this is disputed for one reason or another (Bloch 160). It is believed that Marie lived in the 12th century. Putting her debatable biographic information aside, her poetic works remain iconic; in fact, they are an everyday inspiration for upcoming poets. Through her ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

In order to understand the extract from the book of James, it is necessary to consider every important word as a part of the paragraph and even in relation to the whole Bible. The first word that catches the readers’ attention is ‘keep’ in the first sentence of the extract 2:8-11. The word ‘keep’ is relatively new and could not be present in the extract in its current form. Moreover, it is hard to understand the meaning of the word in the sentence, since it is linked with the noun ‘law’. What did the translator mean by ‘keeping the ...

The Long Black veil, is a song composed by Johnny Cash and expresses numerous elements similar to the ones discussed by Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter. These two pieces of literature expounds on the theme regarding the sin of adultery that ultimately hurts the characters in the stories. In the song Long Black Veil, a man is falsely charged with murder. However, he fails to give an alibi since, on the night when another man was killed, the man was having an affair with the wife of his best friend, and he claims that he would rather die and take ...

Adultery remains the charged topic today that it was back in ancient times. Even though the twentieth century brought it more liberal means for gaining a divorce, and even though cohabitation is catching up with marriage as the relationship structure of choice for many couples, particularly in Europe, the idea that a spouse is cheating on his or her betrothed is still the sort of alluring gossip that draws interest. If this were not true, such spurious stories as Michelle Obama’s plans to divorce the president and Angelina Jolie’s latest decision to leave Brad Pitt would not be among ...

Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” is a selection of stories that pilgrims use to tell stories that occurred as they traveled to a holy shrine in Canterbury. At first reading, “The Miller’s Tale” and “The Knight’s Tale” appear inconsistent and incomparable. Nevertheless, a closer reading of the two stories shows that the both stories are similar. The elements in the “The Miller’s Tale” reflects those in “The Knight’s Tale”. Arguably, the characters’ identities are different, yet the romance in both tales remains the same to an extent. In essence, the characters are basically the same in the two ...

INTRODUCTION

Since the beginnings of human civilization people have struggled to determine and establish rules of morality, principles of conduct, and values of ethical thought. Whether you believe that one’s value and best “goodness” can be achieved through religions or some ethical philosophies, there are just some behaviors that are perceived as “bad form.” One such ethical conundrum involves the concept and act of “cheating.” When people hear the word “cheat,” they, generally, assume it is referencing one of two things, adultery in a marriage or relationship or dishonesty in the classroom. In the modern society, both, are considered to ...

Introduction

Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul is the most voluminous part of the New Testament and occupies about one fourth of it (Bible Study Tools). The letters were initially circulated as separate documents, which were later compiled into the New Testament. These are one of the oldest existing documents of Christianity. They are regarded as the foundation of beliefs of Christianity. The letters have been written by Paul who is considered the greatest of all Apostles. Paul was born to Jewish parents in the city of Tarsus of Cilicia (Keathley).
Ten Commandments are principles from the bible ...

Introduction

The novel, The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850, has a protagonist named Hester Prynne who was forced to live in solitude for her act of adultery. The novel is phased in the era of 1960s which is almost two centuries prior to its year of publication and aims at explaining the plight of a woman who was forced to live with the imposed consequences by the members of the Puritan community in the city of Salem, Massachusetts. With respect to the analysis of her character in the novel, there are some stark contradictions affixed to her ...

(University
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is a legislation specific to the military. Provisions align with laws applicable to civilians. There are also provisions that are punishable under the UCMJ when committed within the military, but not subject to prosecution when committed by civilians. Preservation of good order and discipline within the military community is cited as the rationale for UCMJ provisions punishing certain actions that occur within the military. The discussion asserts that these provisions are indeed necessary to preserve good order and discipline among military members.
Good order and discipline are at the core of the ...

When Herman Melville was writing, capital punishment was a much more commonly used punishment than it is in our own time, and as much as modern death penalty opponents talk about the mistaken use of it in cases when the convict has been wrongly sentenced, the swiftness of the execution and the shoddiness of the evidentiary requirements in Melville’s time were comparatively barbaric. Captain Vere is typical of the sort of judge who would have rendered that sentence in that day, brought in at the last moment and then hearing a fairly swift (and legally shaky) summary of ...

Bad faith in The Scarlet Letter

It can be really difficult to come to a decision when the outside world persuades you to meet your own wishes first. Being by nature a weak-willed creature, people are inclined to rash actions and misguided dealings. We are, at times, sneaky and foolish. Sometimes even the good intentions we may have and a deep longing to act justly may also be seen as a display of bad faith. According to Sartre, bad faith is the use of freedom without the acknowledgement of its presence (Detmer 203). Being consciously aware of their bad conduct, people still refuse to ponder ...

How do the ministers and authorities view sex between men in colonial New England?

We have to remember that ministers, to a large degree, set the law of the land. As such, the view that ministers and authorities in Colonial New England took towards sex between men was that such an action was deviant. Many laws during this time were actually sexual in nature, and sex between men was no exception. Ministers viewed such actions as being a direct threat to the social order of the day, and certain a violation of Puritan ideals. Sodomy was often viewed as one of the most, if not the most, severe of sexual crimes and could ...

- According to Nhfamilylawblog.com (2014), New Hampshire currently allows both fault- and no-fault divorces. At the present time, only about 1% of divorces are filed as fault-based, with adultery begin the most common reason. The issue of her infidelity is applicable due to the marriage being married in a fault-based only jurisdiction. Unless she can contest the accusation of adultery, defined by the state as engaging in coital sex acts outside the marriage, it is not likely she will be successful.
- a. Wilma can hope for equitable distribution in the proven value of the license, and may

b. ...

Psychology of King Lear

Introduction
It is adamant that the psychology of King Lear is quite disturbing in many ways throughout the play. He struggles with his own thoughts of conspicuous thoughts and ravages around the kingdom with a delusion of who his daughter is and who his servant is as well as how his family is implicated in the kingdom and how he sees his family being implicated in the kingdom . Therefore, it is reasonable to say that King Lear is psychotic or, in other words, mad in his own way and since he is aging, the mental illness he suffers from ...

English

Introduction and Thesis Statement
In comparing and contrasting the short story “Fiesta 1980” by Junot Diaz with the poem “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath, the experiences of the protagonists are different, yet they represent internal struggle with their fathers. While in “Fiesta 1980” Yunior had the chance to improve his relationship with his father, in “Daddy,” she couldn’t do so as he died when she was a young girl of ten.

Plot Summary of Fiesta 1980:

Yunior is a small immigrant boy, who, along with his family migrates to the United States from the Dominican Republic. Living in New York, young Yunior sees his father ...

Spunk is a short story written by Zora Neale Hurston. It tells of a supernatural story of African-American folk life. It is a story about a difference between two men over a woman. The woman in question was married to Joe Kanty but was committing adultery with the town bully known as Spunk Banks. Spunk was feared by the people including Joe Kanty a man he was adulterating with his wife but he got the courage of confronting him despite his bully character. Spunk killed him in the confrontation but later on in the story, Joe comes back to haunt Spunk which resulted to his ...

John Proctor is one of the main figures in the play “The Crucible”. The author of this play is Arthur Miller. The character of John Proctor is one of the major personalities which are described in the play. He happens to be one of the reasons why the witch trial begins. The character of John Proctor goes from a much respected man to a man who falls from grace and becomes a sinner.
John Proctor wants to get back the time and pretend like the adultery situation did not happen at all. He says: “Abby, I may think of ...

Romanticism is an element that has played a crucial role in the development of literature from the 18th century. This philosophy has had a noticeable effect on many literature works including Nathaniel’s The Scarlet Letter. It is easy to identify its influence in the novel because it is very clear that Nathaniel Hawthorne was a supporter of romanticism and that is the reason he presents many issues with the philosophy of romanticism in the novel. The Scarlet Letter is a gothic romanticism novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne during the romanticism period. The book features the story of two ...

When the young woman – the mother of this child – stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that she might thereby conceal a certain token, which was wrought or fastened into her dress. In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her arm, and with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be ...

Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair’s Ethical Issues
Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair is a man walking in murky waters. He is charged with sexual misconduct ranging from forcible sodomy, indecent acts, violating orders as well as adultery (Bothelho 3). He is also accused of mistreating his accuser. He is embroiled in ethical issues that touch on his person as an army officer as well as a husband and a father. For a man who acknowledged the fact that he behaved badly towards his subordinates, one thing is clear, that he abused office and also overstepped his mandate, he violated the law and therefore, ...

(a) Voidable marriages are those marriages which exist in the eyes of the law and shall remain valid until annulled (Lim 18). Under the Section 20B of the MCO, the parties who contracted a voidable marriage will enjoy the rights and the duties of a married couple until a decree of nullity has been made absolute by the court. The difference between a void and voidable marriage is that in voidable marriages, even if there are factors which exist to make a marriage voidable and the parties are allowed to choose to continue with the marriage despite the existence of the factors. However, in the ...

Part A:

John Proctor was one of the most complex characters in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. He has both positive and negative qualities to his personality. Primarily, Proctor is honest, dependable, and a man of solid moral. However, he is not always the pillar of morality. Perhaps most noticeably is the negative propensity he has for cheating on his wife. He is lustful after one of the young girls in the village: Abigail Williams. Eventually the two begin an affair. The affair ends before the play begins, igniting Abigail’s intense jealousy toward Proctor’s wife. It also ignites the audience’ ...

Morality is a personal distinction of the right and wrong. What is moral to you might not be moral to a friend, neighbour or even to a family member. Morality is not however equated to ethics. In our readings, we have differentiated the two concepts. While morality is an individual distinction of just and unjust, ethics is a societal standard of right and wrong. For example, bowing to elderly is an ethical standard to most Asian communities but it isn’t in the western communities. An anti-feudal Korean may however find no moral ground for the idea of respect when bowing. Thus, what ...

Women in Ancient Greece

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
Thesis: Plato’s Symposium, Euripides’ Medea and Lysias’ Murder of Eratosthenes demonstrate that women had no place in Ancient Greek culture, other than to produce children and run a household.
II. Plato’s Symposium
A. Pausanias begins his speech describing two types of love: heavenly and common. Common love is a physical type of love, something to be had between a man and a woman.
B. Aristophanes, a comedian, gave a speech about humans being split in two by Zeus and because of this we are always looking for our other half. Men who want women, and ...

Written by Fitzgerald, F. Scott, the first publishing of “The Great Gatsby” took place in 1925. Thus, finding a basis in the original publish of the novel, it is safe to argue that the narration attempts to capture the changes in the United States as of 1925. During the 1900s, the United States was witness to transformations in the political, monetary and public ideologies of its people. Fitzgerald’s work presents characters from different backgrounds and different scenarios that question the peoples’ characteristics, values, and principles. Consequently, while communicating his views of America, readers observe an analysis of morality in ...

Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery: a Sketch of the Ethical Disaster

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a weird story. It starts under a bright June sun in a quaint peaceful New England village focusing on the villagers coming to the annual lottery. Children are playing, villagers are talking pleasantly, and now and then their talk drifts to the lottery. One of the crowd, Tessie Hutchinson, comes late, nearly forgetting about the event distracted by some household task, and it is not until she “wins” in both tours, that the reader is informed about the purpose of the lottery. It is a ritual murder, a kind of sacrifice, which takes place every year in June ...

According to Stephanie Coontz, marriage based on love and affection is a new development that is gaining currency in the modern society. Indeed, this assertion by the author is effectively backed by a number of illustrations from historical accounts from the global divide. While her argument must be appreciated for its robust and candid approach on the factors incidental to marriage, one can still assert with authority that marriage for love is not as radical an idea. The parameters and line of thought that Stephanie adopts while proving that marriage during the past centuries was not singularly a consequence of love, does ...

[Class Title]

Introduction
Conscience is one of the most commonly experienced psychological faculty of an individual, but is also one of the least understood. For many years, little attention have been given towards understanding conscience; particularly on how it is shaped and who influenced the modern understanding of this concept. Nevertheless, conscience is an important phenomenon that requires significant attention primarily because it impacts all human judgment. The manifestation of conscience delineates man from other animals species as conscience is proof of man’s self-consciousness; an attribute that is only observable among human species. As a learned psychological faculty, ...

(College/Institute)

Introduction

In the opinion of United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, the death penalty must be removed from the operations of the international community in the 21st century. Moreover, Ban called for all the states to implement steps designed to abolish capital punishment from their respective legal systems. Nonetheless, The UN head proffered concern on laws in a number of countries that allows the death penalty to be imposed on juvenile offenders and on large groups of people (UN News Center, 2014). Many of the countries in a recent summit for the abolition of the death penalty who do ...

Personal is Political

Social issues that are often classified as "women's issues" such as reproductive rights, violence against women, and balancing child rearing and employment transcend the individuals and become societal concerns. "The personal is public" was a frequently used feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970's (Peters and Wolper 115). The women consciousness-raising groups that were popular during this time was not for personal support and comfort but rather a formality of public deed to evoke political change regarding domestic violence, childbearing, and unsafe working conditions(Peters and Wolper 115). Such political issues referred as "women's issues" is an ...

Question 1

Female infanticide is one of the oldest practice in China. This practice is streamlined towards family planning in society. Female infanticide refers to the abandonment and killing of baby girls. This traditional practice is believed to have spanned for more than 2000 years. In fact, the practice is dated from Chinese antiquity (Mungello, 2008). The practice is traced to the abandonment of children during Zhou dynasty. The main causes of female infanticide in China are both cultural and material. Female infanticide was carried out through burying alive, poisoning, drowning, suffocation, stabbing, and strangulation. The practice started in China because ...

Sylvia Plath was an American short-story writer, poet and novelist. Woman was born on 27 October 1932 in the family of Otto and Aurelia Plath who lived in Boston’s suburb Jamaica Plain. Sylvia wrote her first poem at the age of eight, and the work was published in the Boston Herald. The woman started to keep journals from the 1944. This hobby became an important part of her life and helped people to understand Sylvia’s emotions after her death. In 1950 Plath won the scholarship and went to the Smith College. She also started to publish her ...

One character whose story resonated with me as I watched the film is the narrator. Just like him, I have been concerned to find out more about the truth on the Muslim faith because many perspectives exist on the issue.
Some of the stereotypes I have about Arab people and Muslims include the fact that they are viewed as brutal people, thieves, charlatans and murderers. Muslims are also perceived by many as selfish and hardliners. What I learnt about Arab culture from the film is that it is very patriarchal and holds to beliefs that violate the rights of ...

1 Moral authority refers to the aspect of being esteemed for having good character and awareness, particularly as a source of direction or a model of appropriate behavior. A moral authority is someone who upholds high moral values, and deemed fit to give counsel regarding moral and ethical conduct. One such person is Mohandas K. Gandhi, who chose to use non- violent measures to fight against discrimination, after facing oppression by the racial policies that he came across while he was in South Africa. He chose to lead by example, committed to non-violence. A scenario of his leadership was when he ...

1. Activity 8: Write a poem on something I’d like to be free from

I’d like to shed, my busy head.

It’s full of sound and fury.
It spins all day, and I must say,
It hounds my heart with worry.
I don’t know why, I pace and sigh.

Perhaps it’s cuz, I truly love
Life here in my cocoon.
Could I fear the day I break away
When I am fully grown
Of a world that’s not my own?
2. Activity 12: Write a realistic poem about a circumstance in the world that I care about

They came for religious freedom

...

The Great Gatsby is a story written by Scott Fitzgerald. It is a story about a twisted love affair among the main characters, daisy and Gatsby. The author through his characters shows how striving for wealth defined individuals’ dreams. Moreover, the story revolves around a pursuit of happiness for the protagonist Gatsby who never wanted to let his past go, but was pursuing it through wealth and material things. This entire story represents characters who fail to learn from their past experiences and mistakes. The characters in this book are static, starting with Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Buchanan, and Nick. In the ...

According to the general understanding, a disciple is anyone who embraces or assists in the spreading of someone’s teaching. In Christianity, discipleship is defined as the process of accepting the ethic and life of Jesus Christ, who brought hope and eternal life to humanity through the gospel. It can also mean the process of becoming Christ-like, and having the zeal to see others become disciples of Jesus. This definition is evident in what Christians refer to as the ‘Great Commission’: Jesus directed the twelve to travel around the world and make disciples. This was a call by Jesus for ...

Harriet Jacobs

The short story by Harriet Jacobs shows the case of abuse and slavery that a girl called Linda went through. This girl suffers a lot from the incidents of slavery. Slavery and abuse of human rights is well elaborated .the parents of Linda died leaving her to the mistress to take care of her. This girl was abused by Dr. Flint on sexual grounds. Flint created a love nest in order to share influence Linda into sexual contact with him. He wrote dirty notes to Linda talking about sexual relationship.
The corrupting nature of slavery is elaborated in this book, in ...

[Institution Title]

Background of the Study

A useful lesson to illustrate a major pedagogical theory in education involves a close reading lesson given in the ninth grade English class. Many high schools English teachers report that their students lack the skill of reading a passage, whether fiction or non-fiction, and successfully draw inferences and figurative meanings or even critically analyze the readings. These figurative meanings are crucial to understanding the rhetorical argument of the piece, making this a vital skill. Furthermore, writing is also as complex a learning activity as reading that fosters the act of critically arranging the words to make perfect sense.

Theoretical Framework

The proposed activity emanates ...

In a lifetime of every pair, there may come a time when their relationship reaches a breaking point, wherein the partners all but separate from each other. The reason for the once tenacious relationship to show the signs of breakdown is infidelity, whether it be the one that affects married or unmarried couples. There is a two-way scenario of how their relationship progresses. Either it falls apart or a partner cheated on by the loved one seeks ways to mend the relationship. It may be to save children, valuable relations or both that men and women decide on staying together. Both scientists and journalists ...

Philosophy

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer has an outstanding collision of themes that are immaculately portrayed in the different tales by the pilgrims on their way to the Saint Thomas Becket’s Shrine. These range from radical themes on feminism and anti-feminism, religion, fables, fiction and fabliaux, sex and adultery, tellers as dramatic voices and words and language in a growing list of themes. In his collection, Chaucer joins the pilgrims as an evident narrator as he tries to fit into the shoes of his characters to attempt to voice their views on a variety of themes in the Medieval English.
...

A secular society is one which seeks and maintains a tendency of independent from religious inclinations. As such institutions and the government under a secular society are usually free from religious influence most probably to avoid bias. Humans however are religious beings that have the will and discretion to belong to any mode of worship or follow any religious doctrine of choice. A secular society gives freedom for individuals to do whatever they will and many religions find this almost unacceptable. Secularism however still thrives especially where there are many religions pitting individuals to get spoilt for choice or even doubting ...

For a very long time leaders and high ranking officials have been exposed to the public as having extra-marital affairs which did not end well for them, but not as badly as it would for a normal civilian due to obvious reasons; power. The consequences and sentences that they faced were based upon their place in the society and the respect that they should never have been given by their subjects. One avoidable consequence that is dire to such people is a shame. Shame that arises from despise from the society is as a result of the ethical issues present in any given ...

The test of intelligence is known as the ability for one to hold two opposing ideas in the mind and making it to function at the same time. This is a logical statement that rings a bell about a particularly truth in the sexual diversity area. Most individuals will mostly tend to find it rather hard for them to reconcile with the amazing modular, which is often defined to be that of self-opposing nature.
This essay relies on how we misinterpret our own sexual personalities and orientations. Human beings thrive to appreciate and improve on the beautiful and eye pleasant tapestries ...

In his Dedicatory Letter of 1927 that prefaces The Good Soldier, Ford Madox Ford refers to his most famous novel as his “great auk's egg.” The metaphor might be unfortunate, but it originates from Ford's own personal image as an old writer in the midst of a revolution in artistic sensibility. However, this ardent artistic excitement never had a fair chance since the First World War broke out. Thus, the Good Solider remains a novel that points to the pioneering and turbulent new literary forms of Modernism that were just becoming apparent. It is certainly a thoroughly Modern novel, in terms of the ...

Research paper

Marriage and divorce are common experiences faced by majority in the population. Healthy marriages are essential for the mental and physical health of couples. In the western cultures, 90% of the population marries by the age of fifty years. However, marriages, in the recent years are facing a lot challenges due to various misunderstandings between the couple or failure to understand what a marriage requires either of the individuals to do. Therefore, divorce has become a common experience to many people as the only way out of the problems being faced in marriages. There are different types of marriages; traditional marriage, Christian ...

Authored by Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a fascinating play revolving round the story of a neurotic, dysfunctional family steeped in hidden deceptions and hypocrisy. The play was adapted into a film in 1958 under the direction of Richard Brooks. Released by MGM studio with starlets like Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman in central roles of Brick and Maggie, the film won a superb commercial success. Though Richard Brooks retained much of Tennessee Williams' original prose and conversation intact, he made few alterations in the story. He added some new dialogues, curtailed the parts of Gooper and Mae and made ...

A taboo is a passionate proscription of an action usually based on the conviction that, such an act is either too holy for ordinary people to undertake: super natural punishment being the repercussion in any case of breach. According to (Putnam et al 2007), some creatures or objects are believed to have certain kind of substance making them unapproachable or untouchable. However, in most cases- from a religion point of view-how pure or impure the act or the object is believed to be. Violating a taboo has it its consequences either temporary defilement or it is taken into consideration as a crime. Taboo ...

Lying is a complicated dimension of one’s personality, a human nature characterized by a habitual form of behavior. Many people would say that lying is morally wrong because it destroys a person’s dignity and integrity. Lying represents fear of what others may think and fear of facing the reality which grows stronger for every lie that a person tells.

As one lie leads to another, people are deceiving themselves by making excuses for their lies. While society has regarded lying as an ethical misdemeanor, there are cases when lying instinctively becomes the only perfect option. Why do people lie? People lie for a number of reasons such as to avoid dispute, to safeguard themselves from harm, rejection or loss as well as to protect one’s privacy and credibility. Some people lie for the benefit of their own interest and some may lie for a justifiable reason or cause or when one is unable to deal with the repercussions of telling the truth.

How People Lie

Everybody lies and even people who value honesty can’t get away with lying. Our standard of living creates circumstances that allows us to make lying necessary to be able to cope up socially where a culture of hiding the truth and declaring false social desires existed (Karpman 1949)

Oscar Wilde, in his essay on “The Decay of Lying”, regarded lying as an art or an expression of fantasized power where the liar’s goal is to charm and delight. People use various types of lying which usually begins right from childhood. Children lie to their parents to avoid punishment, to get out of trouble or to get attention and sometimes with no apparent reason. To acknowledge respect and kindness, people are sometimes required to hide the naked truth like telling a friend that she looks good on her little black dress when she actually look like a pumpkin just to avoid hurting her feelings. There are instances when people need to lie for the benefit of others or for the purpose of helping them such as doctors lie to their dying patients to comfort and lift up their spirits and lying to a criminal about the whereabouts of the victim seems a justifiable response. Some would lie to impress or gain other’s respect, such as a nursing aide tells friends that she’s a surgical nurse. Telling the truth can sometimes lead people to rejection, ridicule or punishment. On the other hand, concealing information to protect one’s interest is a harmful lie such as Patty telling her friend Beth that she saw Beth’s ex-boyfriend at the party last night but didn’t reveal that she spent the night with him leaving Beth at a disadvantage. These little white lies are generally acceptable in most cases but when it becomes frequent as a strategy of getting through life, it can be very destructive to one’s personality. Innocent or harmless lying is favorable because it caters some personal needs or interest without inflicting any harm to anyone and can even benefit another person but should not be used as a social stimulant because habitual use of it may lead to evil schemes (Karpman 1949). Bold-faced or malicious lies relates to obtaining some personal benefits at the expense of another which ruins the credibility and character of a person. The Clinton Adultery scandal in 1998 was one of the most controversial issues in American politics maneuvered by political opponents in which such malicious allegations were destructive to the Clinton Administration. These lies are either minor or to the extent of putting another person’s life in danger and should not be rationalized because it harms the safety and character of a person (Karpman 1949). There are instances when lying is morally permissible such as when government officials have to resort to lying in order to protect their personal privacy, credibility and public trust. Lying to protect one’s privacy is not generally acceptable in view of the ethics of truth, however, it is not morally wrong even if the liar is a high-ranking public official and any credible justification of lying is eligible (Allen 1999). Protecting one’s privacy is a complicated issue due to various characteristic aspects of privacy such as physical, informational, decisional and proprietary in which a person may lie to obtain them. A high-ranking official who is allegedly engaged in adultery may lie to hide his affair, to maintain his independence on sex and romance and to preserve his reputation and diplomatic interests. However, justification of lying no matter how credible is still morally unethical. Western moral ethics generally promote honesty over untruthfulness where moralists and religious denominations have expressed their ideals on the ethics of lying (Allen 1999). Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher, supports the principles of speaking the truth regardless of the consequences believing that a lie would eventually constitute an adverse outcome. Though lying is sometimes reasonable, modern philosophers conclude that we should strive to adhere to the moral principle of honesty in dealing with our friends, families, fellow citizens as well as in our public and private lives. Above all, we should be honest with ourselves. Lying is instinctively widespread for the simple reason that it works but not all the time. Lying sometimes fail due to outright discovery, self confession and detection through facial and bodily expressions

How to Detect Lies

Detecting lies can be a tough job even to the most experienced police officers, judges and other forensic professionals. Polygraph tests or lie detectors which are based on detecting nervous system activities are regarded as unreliable. In addressing this issue, psychologists have developed new methods in detecting lies through facial expression and body language analysis. The standard basis for detecting lies is commonly signs of nervousness, stress, anxiety, tension and discomfort. Research reveals that facial expressions and bodily gestures that indicate stress and tension are associated with lying (Adelson 2004). However, people feel tensed and stressed for various reasons, therefore, these emotions should not always be the basis for detecting lies. Precise and proper knowledge of body language is a vital factor, however, our analysis of them is mostly based on instinct which is usually wrong due to their beliefs and the truth behind them (Morgan 2002). The following are the basic body language gestures that were associated with lying:

Avoiding eye contact

When a person is lying, he or she cannot look straight in the eye. Shifty eyes sometimes indicate nervousness which can be caused by various reasons other than lying. Eye contact that lasts for a few seconds is normal but longer than that can cause nervousness and may indicate flirtatious behavior.

Hand gestures

Unnatural excessive gestures are subconscious signs of lying. Touching their face, throat or chin could mean someone is thinking or concentrating. Studies reveal that stroking the chin while thinking is an intellectual gesture while a deliberate waving of hands could mean searching for words. Hiding or putting the hands back behind where others are unable to see what the hands are doing could trigger suspicion. However, there is a belief that putting hands behind the back is a power gesture, thus, it should not be the basis for concluding lies.

Shaking, sweating and lips licking

These gestures are considered symptoms of lies but may sometimes indicate nervousness or fear that could show lack of self-assurance.
High Pitched Voice
Liars are more likely to raise their voices. However, a rising voice also indicates anger, excitement, nervousness or hysteria caused by various reasons.

Speech errors and pauses

Frequent or too long pauses and speech errors such as “aaah” or repetitions such as “I,I, fo-forgot” can arouse suspicion but all these can also occur when a person is not expecting a particular question.

Fake Smiles

When someone is lying, putting on a genuine smile is a struggle especially when the smile does not reflect on the eyes. However, people smile for a number of reasons regardless of the kind of smiles they project.
A combination of verbal and body language can indicate signs of lying but all of the above gestures can also occur in other circumstances, therefore, it is difficult to prove that a lie is being manifested. Appearances are sometimes deceiving due to mixed evidence (Adelson 2004).
Liars are usually not very good in concealing their feelings because emotions will regularly surface yet people are not very good in reading and analyzing them. Body language provides essential clues but is usually unreliable (Morgan 2002). In many ways, it is still essential to learn the standard art of body language and take advantage of their uses whenever necessary and however unreliable they may seem to be.

References:

Adelson, R., (July, 2004). Detecting Deception. American Psychological Association. 35(7), 70. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/detecting.aspx
Allen, A., (1999). Lying to Protect Privacy. Villanova Law Review. 161(44). Retrieved from https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/aallen/workingpapers/Lyingtoprotectprivacy.pdf
Karpman, B. (1949}. Lying: A Minor Inquiry Into the Ethics of Neurotic and Psychopathic Behavior. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 40(12), 135-145. Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3670&context;=jclc
Morgan, N., (September 30, 2002). The Truth Behind the Smile and Other Myths - When Body Language Lies. Harvard Management Communication Letter. 5(8). Retrieved from http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/3123.html

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