Heart failure is mostly described as a chronicle disease where the heart is unable to pump the blood sufficiently to the body, with other terms like congestive cardiac failure often been used interchangeably. Some of the symptoms are leg swelling, excessive tiredness and breath shortness. Breath shortage is mostly the worse since lying down and sleeping at night is difficult. Most of the common causes that lead to heart failure are blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. These causes lead to failure in functioning of the heart structure mainly due to left ventricular and fain normal ejection fraction. ...
Beta Blockers College Essays Samples For Students
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!Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and mainly caused due to heterozygous mutations in fibrillin-1 encoding gene. This syndrome was described by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan in the year 1896. This disorder involves skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular systems, dura, lungs and integument. The manifestations observed are aortic aneurysm, dislocation of ocular lens, over growth of long bone. Most of the cases are due to FBN1 mutations. This syndrome affects 1 in 3000-5000 and one-fourth of the cases are sporadic. Diagnosis of this syndrome is often challenging since it is age-dependent and frequent in all types of populations, ...
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Diagram to explain how β-adrenoceptors antagonists produce clinically useful effects
It suffices to note that b blockers have their main role outside the central nervous system. They competitively block receptor occupancy of b receptors, from agonists like catecholamines. Some bind irreversibly to beta receptors and are therefore used only in experimental settings. Some beta antagonists constitutively reduce the activity of beta receptors. These kind are known as inverse agonists. Most beta receptors blockers are structurally similar to isoproterenol
Harley,1983
Would we treat uncomplicated hypertension in 68year old patient with moderate asthma and ...
13. Discuss the Pharmacological Effects of Morphine
Morphine is an opiate, or a derivative of opium. As such, it is a very effective pain reliever, but can also be life threatening if overused.
It is effective as a pain reliever because it binds to opiate receptors, which creates pain relief, sedation and euphoria. Unfortunately, it also depresses respiration, and can lead to both constipation and addiction over time. New research demonstrates, additionally, that it may be effective as a beta-blocker in patients with chronic pain (Frolich et al. 2011).
Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, cramping, itching, or anaphylaxis, pupil ...