Deduction College Essays Samples For Students

Philosophy

Introduction
Early modern philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries thought that the semantic content of our thoughts is a function of the contents of our ideas. They assumed that knowledge of the world requires a kind of thought, namely ‘justified true belief’ (Wang, 2012). In this regard, they broadly disagreed over what cognitive faculty or source provided our ideas with the type of content that generated justified true beliefs. A dominant concern during this period of intellectual enquiry was hence involved in locating the faculty which is the source of contents of ideas that led to justified true ...

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1 Introduction
Since the 1930s a new philosophical direction developed almost without recognition of the public. Since then it gained in importance, till it has reached quite recently the predominant role. While this philosophical movement was in the beginning described as Logical Empiricism, or Neopositivism it is nowadays much more accurately described bas Analytical Philosophy. It conducts language and notion analysis on the basis of logic. Gaining popularity in the last years it has altered and even erased some old concepts of classical philosophy.
- Vienna Circle
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OUTLINE
Introduction..3
Thesis...3

Discussions3

Conclusion..11

Reference list .13

Introduction
Cooperative society is an association of legal and natural persons formed with the aim of providing services to its members and community. The provision of services is meant to improve the effectiveness of commercial activities of members who formed it. Members who formed it own cooperative societies. Just like any other form of business units, cooperative societies are subjected to taxation, deductions and certain exempts. Most cooperatives are formed under existing laws governing cooperative societies and state laws at the time of formation. The main aim of a cooperative society is to increase the ...

Food stamps is a trend which was brought up by communists and activists in the US whereby a financially stable family chooses to survive on food equal to a family of the same size would get from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). SNAP gives a monthly food allowance to low-income families; with just the swipe of a SNAP card (Wade 34). The 35th US president, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, said that “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."

Discussion

It is managed by the state and local agencies. On the month of February, CNN ...

Food stamps is a trend which was brought up by communists and activists in the US whereby a financially stable family chooses to survive on food equal to a family of the same size would get from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). SNAP gives a monthly food allowance to low-income families; with just the swipe of a SNAP card (Wade 34). The 35th US president, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, said that “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."
It is managed by the state and local agencies. On the month of February, ...

As a single taxpayer having a gross total income of $45,000, I fall into the 25% tax bracket. A total of $7,022 is hence, required to be payable as income tax for the year 2016 at a rate of 15.6%. The next lowest tax bracket is the 15% bracket that includes income from $9,276 to $37,650. My gross total income is hence, $7,350 away from the 15% tax bracket.
A standard deduction of $6,300 is available for single filers that can reduce my gross total income to $38,700. Alternatively, itemized deductions are ...

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What is "I THINK, THEREFORE I AM"

"I think; therefore I am" was a seventeenth century statement that Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, used and philosophically proved it beyond doubt. Descartes was initially in the process of figuring out his real nature using reasoning as opposed to experience that many philosophers of his time used. He is considered one of the first philosophers to explore human as more than flesh and blood (Weate, 1998, pp. 34-45). He believed that the processes and means through which individuals judged their environments as well as formed their opinions justified their existence (Weissman, 2006, pp. 56-9). ...

Both the concepts of tax reduction and tax credit benefits an individual in a way that the taxes will have a less significant impact on the reduction of the financial resources. Tax reduction directly decreases the amount of tax included in some forms of expenses, while the tax credit decreases the expenses on taxes by accessing credit values which can be obtained by meeting specific requirements, and will take care of some portion of the taxes (Mercadante, n.d). Both are helpful to the taxpayers, but which one is more beneficial?
Considering another concept called the Adjusted Gross Income, or ...

Introduction

“That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.”
- Christopher Hitchens
Such brazen remark would seem highly provocative at first instance, as it tackles a particularly sensitive component of epistemology – evidence. There are numerous debates surrounding the study of evidence, being undoubtedly controversial due to the contentious definition of knowledge. Nevertheless, it does not mean to say that the subject matter does not render any possible resolutions, albeit the debate will carry on as various schools of thought hold different stands on knowledge.
This study will ...

Philosophy of the Enlightenment. The Ideas of Francis Bacon and their comparison to those of René Descartes.
Francis Bacon is considered to be the major prophet of the Scientific Revolution. At the age of twelve Bacon went to study at He went to Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of twelve, got a lawyer education later on. He proceeded to a political career hoping to advance his ideas. He was a member of the House of Commons and knighted during the reign of King James I, although during that of Queen Elizabeth he was neglected by her. Bacon was ...

Vacation Home Tax Introduction

According to the Internal Revenue Service, a vacation home permanently places. This includes a lake home, condo, mobile home, RV, house trailer or a yacht. The home has to offer sleeping, cooking and toilet facilities. It is not required to be fancy, or the location does not have to be in a vacation community. The main thing is it is a structure, land by itself does not count. This paper will discuss the tax information that can be used when filing an annual tax return .

As long as the vacation home meets requirements, the interest on the mortgage can ...

Qn1

My advice to William job is that there are tax implications for selling the shares at a profit. In the event that the stocks are sold at a profit then William Jobs will incur capital gain tax. In This case the market value of the inheritance of $ 500,000 has a current market value of $550,000 today. The capital gain on the shares is $ 50,000. However, the rate applicable is based on the length of time the shares are held. The sole reason is that it prevents the effect of fluctuation in the market.
The taxation of ...

Analysis of the Kasich Tax Reform Plan

ANALYSIS OF THE KASICH TAX REFORM PLAN 2
Summary of Governor John Kasich´s Tax Reform Plan

this in part by eliminating most tax deductions other than the mortgage interest deduction
and the charitable contribution deduction. It also does this by reducing the number of
personal income tax brackets from seven down to three. It also reduces marginal tax rates
across the board. Kasich´s tax reform plan would reduce the top individual income tax rate
gains and dividends from 23.8 percent to 15 percent, and completely eliminate the estate
tax (which is currently at 40 percent). It would ...

Induction

Induction
The problem facing induction has been a great challenge presented by epistemology to various philosophers, among them David Hume. Since the 18th century, he has raised the induction concern to various philosophers with the aim of finding a solution to the dilemma. Karl Popper, Chalmers among others philosophers played an imperative role in identifying a considerable solution to the induction problem. In philosophy, induction is defined as a form of reasoning that is derived from a particular observation of a phenomenon and draws conclusions from the phenomenon. For instance, it is certain that the sun will rise tomorrow in the morning simply because ...

“Learning and fun go together; playing a game is fun therefore there is some learning in every game”, a game designer told me once. Let us analyze this statement for deductive reasoning. I shall call this as statement number one in this paper for future reference. I will reflect upon his argument in the light of the understanding that I got in my reading ‘Think Critically’ on deductive logic and in this process, I also understood how ‘only’ when used in English as a natural language could have logically different and sometimes misleading meanings. I will evaluate if the deduction as in ...

It appears that McCloskey is trying to support and substantiate his case for atheism by adopting a very narrow and objective approach. The usage of terms like “proof” for different school of arguments indicates that McCloskey is keen to give a sense of finality to a very complex question by attempting to debunk the thought process behind the arguments that has been labeled as proof. Human mind has its own limitations. This universe is very complex and infinite. There are a lot of things which are beyond the comprehension of human mind. The question of existence of god is one such question that ...

The employer company sponsors the employees through purchasing shares from itself and then distributing them to the employees. The company sells some of the stocks as the shares to the employee in compensation of their contribution. The contributions that are made by the employees are either used to settle the loans that are used by the company as the deduction are made from their salaries. The company repays the loan from the annual contributions made.
The leveraged ESOP or the corporate that sponsors get the finances from borrowing in banks or qualified financial institutions. The company borrowing gives ...

Globalization has led to firms becoming multinationals since additional international markets are opening up and, therefore, economies are becoming integrated. With the increase in trade, migration and finance there are expected to be a rise in the level of global domestic Product. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was established to stimulate trade between countries and also ensure that there is economic progress. OECD has thirty-four member states currently including the U.S, France, and U.K among others (OECD, 2005). These are some of the best economies in the world hence OECD hence this business plays a major role in ...

Adjustments to the accounts

In the computation of the income tax of the client, depreciation is allowed as an expense in the income statement. Instead, capital allowances on the capital investments are allowed. The taxpayer computes the capital allowances as per the prescribed rates by the commissioner of income tax. These include investment deduction, wear and tear allowance as well as the industrial building deduction. In the case of Andrew, the capital allowances can be computed as below:

Computation of the writing down allowance on general pool for the year 2012/2013 was at 18%.

Balance brought forward on General pool = £2500
Add: New equipment purchased = £5000
Less: Old Machine sold = (£600)
Net value of general pool ...

QUESTION 1;

Part A: Net Present Value calculation
Working capital will be regarded as the initial investment outlay which is £ 1 million. Discount rate used in calculating the net present value of the project is 7%. The internal rate of return will be hypothetically obtained with the aim of obtaining the break-even situation of the project.
All costs and expenses are treated as cash outflows which will reduce the cash inflow in the project i.e. the project’s sales revenue. The cash outflows from the entire project will be deducted from the project’s inflows so as to determine ...

Ethics in Tax Practice

For an individual professional to be termed as ethical, he has to conform to professional standards of a certain group, or profession. Therefore, tax practitioners need to comply with the tax legal requirements, as well as, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) rules, for them to be termed as ethical. The legal requirements, together with non-compliance penalties are found in Circular 230 in the Treasury department. They are also found in the Internal Revenue Code (1986). This paper discusses the legal tax requirements for the tax practitioners. The law is believed to be complex as many people find it ...

RE: Howdy Brewster

I have reviewed your memo regarding the case of Mr. Howdy Brewster. In 2011 Howdy signed a contract with the Aztec oil and Gas Company to build a pipeline across his property for the pipeline to cross over his property so that it can maintain its useful life. He received a given amount of $9,200 after the contract was signed and to resolve the issue with the neighbor paid an amount of $7,500 in so that the boundary can be sorted out with the neighbor as well. In September the same year, Howdy dammed a stream to have more water available ...

A. Metaphysics

1) How can you tell if you are thinking about ontology and not epistemology?
Ontology mainly deals with the study of nature or reality. It also involves a study on the relations of nature and mainly deals with questions concerning what entities exist and how they can be grouped based on the relationships in the hierarchy. Epistemology on the other hand aims at giving the definition of knowledge, how it is acquired and ways in which we can know what we know. Therefore if a person is thinking about nature and classifications of organisms, then he/she is thinking about ontology ...

There are both molecular and physiological events that support the statement that the concentration level of FENO is a measure of the degree of asthma in an individual. In the molecular sense, the measure of FENO level in exhaled air is a measure of the intensity of Asthma, and depending on the molecular cut points stated it could be concluded that certain Asthma is reasonable or outrageous. According to Ricciardolo, et al., (2010), there is an evidential fact relating the concentration of FENO to the asthma level in children. Thus, the use of the specific measure of the molecular ...

I. WHAT IS HAPPINESS?
II. WHAT THE DALAI LAMA AND D. GILBERT SAY ABOUT HAPPINESS

A. THE DALAI LAMA’S VIEW

1. Desires – are they good or bad?
2. Self-satisfaction as the moving force.
3. Greed as the obstacle to happiness.
4. Two ways to be happy.
B. DANIEL GILBERT’S POSITION.
1. Parents happiness with children
2. Reasons of parents’ unhappiness.
a. Overexpectation.
b. Children as a natural way to feel happy.
c. The only source of happiness.
III. PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TWO APPROACHES FROM THE POSITION OF INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION.
IV. THE FIRST APPROACH IS MORE PROFOUND, AND THE SECOND APPROACH IS ...

Question 1

Within an organisation, accounting plays an active role to ensure that all business transactions of monetary value are classified, recorded, measured, summarised and reported in an accurate manner by adhering strictly to basic reporting rules such as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or US GAAP. Accounting rules make sure that financial statements are prepared and reported accurately by complying strictly with all reporting principles. Additionally, accounting steps confirm that all financial information is included in reporting mechanism while financial statements contain no error or any material misstatement having huge financial consequences.
When the industry follows one accounting mechanism, it ...

In February 1972, an impoundment dam made of coal waste collapsed. The dam was located in Logan County, which is found in West Virginia County. The resulting flood from the collapse culminated to the death of approximately one hundred and twenty-five people and also at the same time causing a loss of around fifty million dollars' worth of property. Up to now, the occurrence has remained to be one of the most talked about deadly disaster. After the calamity taking place, various investigative commissions were set up. Worth noting is that they made revelations that the Pittston coal mining ...

Rene Descartes’ Discourse on the Method is one of the most important philosophical texts of all time. In it, the philosopher attempts to determine how he should correctly determine his lines of logic in order to ascertain truth. He believes that this may only be possible when one puts into question the judgments and prejudices that one has formed across one’s life. These jumps in logic are usually kept uncontested throughout one’s life, leading reasoning astray. This skeptical method is necessary because these preconceived notions lead thinking astray, making it jump to answers that are not necessarily ...

Equity Disclosure

Dear Eli,
In reference to our discussion over the possible classification of notes held by our company in retrospective to the cash advanced to our shareholders, I have cited the FASB Codification literature and would like to propose the explanation over the possible classification of such notes under the equity section according to ASC 505-10-45.
According to the provisions of ASC 505-10-45, an entity may hold notes in receivable in lieu of the cash advanced to its shareholders. Henceforth, in such situation, the entity should not classify the notes receivables on the asset side of the balance sheet unless ...

Equity Disclosure

Dear Eli,
Retrospect to the ongoing concern in the accounting department over the additional disclosure of notes issued to the family members of Mr. Sigar on the financial statements of the company, I am writing this memo to illustrate the possible solution under the light of Alternative 2 allowed by FASB as part of which we can classify notes as a reduction in the equity amount.
Please refer to the provisions of ASC 505-10-45, which states that it is possible that an entity may receive a note instead of cash as a contribution to its equity. In such situation, ...

At present, the number one criminal activity of gangs include drug-trafficking of cocaine and marijuana since it an easy money-making scheme. For the past decades, the legalization of marijuana has been the subject of an enduring debate due to its long term effects in society. However, the lawmakers must consider not only the medicinal benefits of cannabis derivatives, but also its economic prospective and how it can affect the law enforcement agencies. Cannabis should be legalized nationwide to give the public the option to take a holistic approach to the illness instead of using addictive prescription drugs, will generate ...

Investigative psychology roughly deals with the application of aspects of psychology and criminal research to investigate the behavior and mindsets of criminals. Primary to investigative psychology is the concept of profiling, in which a psychological sketch is made of a particular individual or group of individuals in order to find out how they think. The prevailing wisdom is that, provided you are able to create a sufficiently accurate psychological profile, you will best be able to anticipate their actions and find ways to stop them, prevent them from committing wrongs, or catch them after the fact.
Historically, criminal investigation ...

Value of Knowledge

Introduction
How does anyone know what they claim to know? This philosophical question has been at the center of the theory of knowledge. As such, many scholars have focused on it, in one way or another, in their quest to advance the theory of knowledge. However, of importance in this essay is the evaluation of the concept value of knowledge. Also, the essay takes a keen interest in examining the effect on knowledge value when the knowledge is not applied. It has been argued that “Without application in the world, the value of knowledge is greatly diminished”. The argument ...

Introduction

The nursing theory is identified as a creative and accurate formation of ideas purposely for orderly consideration of an incidence. The nursing theory types are; mid-range nursing theory, nurse practice theory, and grand nursing theory. Mid-range nursing theories often are not much wider scope compared to the grand nursing; it also does provide successful connections with both nursing practice and grand nursing theory. The most commonly applied mid-range theory includes; Orland’s theory of a well-calculated process of nursing, Peplau’s theory that involves interpersonal relations, the human caring theory of Watson (Barrett, 2005).
Apparently, most of the mid-range ...

The author of this paper opines that the very question “is history a science or an art” is redundant. A scientist has to have a certain degree of creativity and imagination to be good at his or her work. For instance, in general terms, a zoologist has to understand organisms at the cellular level as well as have an understanding of their habits and needs to appreciate animal behavior. This not only requires scientific training but also a certain development of instincts and awareness, which in many ways makes the zoologist a keen observer of life, not unlike a literature professor or even a painter. ...

Introduction

Human life is guided by principles, thoughts and considerations, which determine what activities, are right or wrong to undertake in any situation. The ability to reason and act out of a set of determined principles differentiates humans from animals. All activities conducted by humans, therefore find their basis in some ethic that makes them acceptable or not. Humanitarian effort finds its foundation in the willingness by other people to sacrifice some of their resources for the improvement of someone else’s life. The decision to participate in a humanitarian effort is voluntary and not guided by formal laws. Additionally, the choice ...

- What is meant by traditional pension?
Since pension is defined as a fixed sum of money given to an ex-employee, usually after their retirement from service, a traditional pension plan can then be described as a retirement plan in which the employer does all the work, including the calculation and collation of the money and deciding where and how the money is invested. This type of pension plan promises an employee a certain payout once they retire, based on their salary, and the number of years they worked for.

The rapid development of the traditional pension plan was as a result of ...

Descartes Skepticism

The philosophy of Descartes, usually called Cartesianism, is summarized in Discourse, in a more complete form - in the "Reflections" on First Philosophy (Meditationes de prima philosophia in qua Dei existentia et Animae immortalitas demonstratur, 1641, second edition with Objectiones Septimae, 1642, the Paris edition in French, with corrections Descartes in 1647) and from a different point of view in the "first principles of philosophy" (Principia philosophiae, 1644, a French translation in 1647).
Sensory experience is not able to give reliable knowledge, because we are often faced with the illusions and hallucinations. In addition, the reasoning is deducing conclusions from the ...

A 401(K) is a retirement saving plan which is sponsored by the employer of an employee. The plan is popular among the working people as the provisions allow them to save and invest their money in the plan before the taxes are deducted. In other words, the workers will not be required to pay any taxes on the money invested in the account. This also means that the taxable income of each individual will be lower and he will be paying lower taxes to the federal government. Some of the other benefits of 401(k) plan include:
i) High ...

Philosophy

Introduction
A majority of life decisions are made by employing logical thinking. This type of thinking enables one to understand the premises of life situation and therefore assist in providing an all angle perspective that enhances understanding.

Logical thinking
Logical thinking just like other types of thinking such as creative thinking, critical thinking amongst others employ a thought process which may be different according to the type of thinking adopted. However, while comparing the other types of thought processes, logical thinking comes up short. First and foremost, logical thinking is concerned with the deduction of appropriate conclusions. In ...

Phase I: Description

The title of this object is ‘Mere et enfant’ which is a Spanish world meaning ‘Mother and Child’. The artistic feature was developed by an artist called Pablo Picasso in the year 1902. His father was an artist and Pablo’s passion could be attributed partly to his father’s artistic prowess. He was born in Malagasy, Spain and studied at an art school in Barcelona. Despite his numerous paintings, he was well recognized for his unique Cubist paintings and object design which did not match any other person’s artistic work. His artistic work to portray different viewpoints of a ...

Equilibrium and Economic Policies

Of the both policies, the Tax Reduction is better policy as it stimulates the economy in a better way than government spending. Although there are number of reasons for my acceptance of policy of tax reduction. However, before coming to a conclusion we will be discussing below employment level output and then will evaluate the given policies to correct them.
When an economy is operating under below potential GDP level in such case it is said to be operating at Below Full Employment Equilibrium. It is a macroeconomic concept where an economy’s short run gross domestic level is lower than ...

My personality has always been a matter of interest for many years. However, I have been tentative to take the personality test due to the fact that I had a phobia for such tests since I previously believed its results to have a broad application in psychology only. However, I came to comprehend that the test is essential even in the field of management and its outcomes can be used to envisage several aspects about an individual. I took quite a good portion of my time and did the online test. It was like cracking open a treasure cookie and ascertain my suit measurements. ...

[your ID number]
[your address, including city, state, and zip code]
[your phone number]
[insert letter submission date here]
[insert name of dept. chair]

Dear [formal title and last name of dept. chair];
I am a student at PGCC with one more class required [you might want to insert the name of the exact class if it is already decided] before graduating with an Associate’s Degree in Psychology. I am writing this letter to contest my final grade in Social Psychology (write the course number here, but keep the brackets) taught by Professor [last ...

Introduction

According to Matoo & Ashai, divorce is described as a situation where a married couple terminates their union and forfeits their legal duties towards one another (2012). Divorce is known to have a heavy toll on women emotionally, economically and psychologically (Al-Krenawi & Graham, 1998). Further studies reveal that the perception of divorce, among women, differs from country to country. In Western nations for example, United States, women perceive divorce as the loss of emotional and economic support and a partner who was a part of the house or family (Matoo & Ashai, 2012).
There are several studies that have been carried out in relation to ...

David Hume placed an extremely critical analysis on facts and theory. His analysis is fetched from deep consultation of rich philosophical thoughts. He claims that there exists a gap between facts and theories. He argues that the gap between the two social platforms is extremely wide, and it is impossible to close.
His analysis starts on the analysis of experience in one’s life. He argues that one’s experience in life creates a perception in his or her mind that defines how he or she views certain things. Once an individual experiences certain activities in life they build some ...

Crude, a documentary directed by Joe Berlinger, focuses on a law-suit in which the plaintiffs are Ecuadorians living in the Amazon rainforest. Crude highlights how communities living around Amazon suffer the consequences of oil extraction close to their households. The local communities have to endure a lot: from polluted water to cultural debasement and diseases such as cancer. The multinational company involved (Texaco/Chevron) has no respect for the people and their customs. The beautiful land is turned into a toxic wasteland where nothing can grow; the communities living around Amazon face extinction, along with flora and fauna. Analysis of the documentary “Crude” reveals ...

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Introduction

It has often been said that sharing is good. Sharing not only benefits the recipient of the act of goodness, but the giver or contributor of goodness as well. Feelings of happiness and contentment are often associated with people who share what they have. It may be in the form of money, goods, services, time, or anything that can be of help to another person. As a result, more people are now open to doing charitable work without expecting anything in return. The best consolation that one gets out of being charitable is the knowledge and feeling that someone else ...

1. Recommended Tax Filing Status
Tax filing status refers to the way in which a taxpayer is to file his/her returns with the tax authority. Tax returns can be filed in various ways which include: filing singly i.e. for an unmarried person, married couples filing jointly, or married couples filing their returns separately. For a couple, it is always advantageous to file their returns jointly as this will reduce the amount of tax they are to pay. However, there may arise situations when they may be required to file their returns separately e.g. when their sources of income are total ...