Psychological egoism is a controversial philosophical concept that is founded on the belief that people always pursue their self interest. In straightforward terms, psychological egoism is based on the presumption that an individual will always engage in an activity with the aim of gaining, either directly or indirectly. According to the proponents of psychological egoism, even when a person offers to help a person in need, they have an intention of gaining, either directly or indirectly. Ethical egoism, on the other hand, is based on the belief that not all people seek to prioritize self interest, but all people ought to do ...
Egoism College Essays Samples For Students
52 samples of this type
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Management
Wal-Mart: An Abusive Retail Tycoon or An Altruistic Supplier of Goods to the Masses?
Wal-Mart started out as a small chain retail store that grew to 5,000 stores in ten countries and has an estimated 1.7 million employees around the world. This company’s primary focus is keeping the consumers happy, beating competitors, and escalating shareholder value with their big discounts on consumer goods. Currently, Wal-Mart has 2,640 discount stores, 2,396 supercenters, 670 Sam's clubs, and 435 neighborhood markets in the United States. Through Wal-Mart’s business model, customers get to save up to $100,000 ...
Chapter 10 Q1
The concept of on the ‘self’ has been one of the major issues in philosophy. Hume held that the ‘self’ is concept that is defined by the collective experiences that one has. In this case, Hume believes one’s awareness of the ‘self’ is tied to the person’s previous experiences through perception (David Hume, 1.4.6.3). Hume notes that humans do not and cannot observe something that is beyond their transient feelings, impressions, and sensations. He further claims that there is no anyone particular impressing that can be called the ‘self’. It is imperative that ...
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Business Ethics
Introduction
Business ethics is the study of the required business practices and policies concerning controversial issues that are of key importance such as insider trading, discrimination, bribery, fiduciary responsibilities and corporate social responsibilities. The ethics of a business are usually governed by the laws while they can also provide a framework that the business may choose to follow so that they can obtain public attention (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2010, p. 143).
The business ethics are usually implemented to ensure that some specific level of the required trusts exists between who participates in the market for the business product or services ...
According to Bellah, justice can be defined a total of three times. For starters, it is the meaning of education. Justice is educative in nature. Justice is responsible for the education of people for the common good of everybody. For example, when justice is ordained, people are educated on the benefits that it has altogether. Once these people are educated, then the education will then help in civilizing the entire world.
Bellah in his studies continues to state that, justice is also the formation of the common good. This means that it is responsible for forming something good. Whenever ...
The best arguments I would give to my colleague for sharing the vaccine with others would be one of either the thought of the repercussions of not doing so would be more distressing weighed against the possibility of contracting the deadly disease. Psychologists call this punishment-reward. When faced with a situation where behavior is both detrimental and gratifying to one, the course of action is determined by the measure of how gratifying the positive consequences would be, versus how harmful the negative consequences would be. Naturally pain is avoided, and gratification is sought.
Since, as is the assumption, no ...
Meaning
Ethical relativism is the situation that there is no universally valid or objective moral principle, because every moral judgment is a topic of human opinion. In other words, there are no right or wrong ways apart from what everyone considers to be as right or wrong.
Obviously, every individual has a responsibility to form their personal opinions about morality. Similarly, it is obvious that to find it more difficult to search the correct answers to ethical questions in comparison to finding the correct answers to arithmetic problems. But an ethical relativist goes ahead and claims, there are not any objective ...
Utilitarianism can be described as a moral look and defined by consequentialism. It is an ethical theory which states that maximization of utility results in the best action. The utility can be described in different ways, and it mostly terms the well-being of the human beings. According to Jeremy Bentham, who is the founder of utilitarianism, the utility is the addition of all pressure resulting from an action; deduct the suffering of an individual involved in an action (Brian, 1957). The consequences of the action can either be good or bad, and utilitarianism insists of equality interests. Both Bentham ...
Introduction
Organizations are made to earn economic profit with the help of effective strategies and with the help of effectiveness; the field of prosperity is one of them. Businesses are always made to earn economic profit with the help of different strategies in particular and with the help of adherence with the ethical stance and standards, organizations can enhance their productivity and effectiveness in particular. When it comes to organizations, then there are certain aspects that deem essential and effective for the sake of an entity and Business Ethics are some of the essential aspects .
The ethical values of ...
Philosophy Questions
1. Ross’ s Moral Theory is considered to stand between Kant’s strict deontological theory and theological theory of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher, there existed several prima facie duties that people had to hold in respect if they did not contradict one another. In case they conflicted, human’s intuition would help to make the right choice and find the weightiest and the most important duty. Ross stated that any prima facie obligation could be redefined by more important ones. While Kant saw all obligations absolute and exceptionless, Ross allowed maximization of the good as one of the ...
Summary/Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Main idea: Frequent ethical lapses by corporate executives require university administrators and business school faculty members to evaluate study curricula regarding ethics
Specific Section: Ethical Egoism
Thesis statement: Despite the reinterpretation of ethical egoism, as long as it is based solely on self-interest, ethical teachings will be rendered useless.
SUMMARY
Business schools teach students to think critically and equip them with tools to be financially successful and become better contributors to the society. However, recent events in the corporate sectors have seen frequent lapses in ethical behavior. Maybe an evaluation is due regarding the ethics in the curriculums of business schools. Integrating ethical ...
Introduction
The validity of the law cannot be associated with morality though; there are many instances where moral norms becomes important when formulating laws but still the society can change them if needs be. This concept clearly shows the power of moral decadence and offensive laws existing in legal systems. The dignity in the society continues to depreciate since the law does not take its validity from morality. There are many actions disallowed in the past, but in the current times, they are the most praised acts. The human rights organization plays a major role in disregarding a moral society and promoting ...
One of the most common moral philosophies in the world today is utilitarianism. It was developed by John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism seeks to determine the moral stand of actions by looking at their effects and consequences (Mill 43). There are two different types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.
Act utilitarianism focuses on specific individual actions, for example, the murder of a political figure. Rule utilitarianism, on the other hand, focuses on the action as a whole such as murder (Mill 44). According to the utilitarian’s, morality is supposed to better life by increasing ...
Utilitarianism postulates that a moral act should be that which aims to produce a good result for all in the society. Borrowing from the utility principle, a moral good is achieved by having a rational balance between a something which is not moral but is good that having something which is not moral but evil (Mill 2006). According to utilitarians, an act is morally good when it produces the greatest margin of good course but for all in the society. This means that utilitarianism seeks to ensure the general good than individual good. To this effect, every moral decision ...
Psychological egoism vs. ethical egoism
The term psychological egoism refers to the notion that human conducts are always done out of self interest. This means that they are selfish by nature to the extent that anything they do, is only meant to benefit themselves, in one way or another. Psychological egoism is a form of descriptive ethics which only emphasizes on how things are done, but do not say how they ought to be performed. On the other hand, ethical egoism simply means that the morality of an action is dependent on the self interest of a person performing that very act. According to this theory, ...
Psychological egoism entails the tendency of people to act, speak, or perceive things motivated by self or personal beliefs. The theory of egoism underlines oneself as the motivation of his or her actions and perspectives (Audi 265). In a discussion with a psychological egoist, one gets the feeling that the egoist struggles to defend his or her actions irrespective of whether he or she is right actions or not. On my way to the ethics class, I encountered into a psychological egoist and initiated a discussion with him on ethics and their roles in society. Some of the arguments raised by the egoist ...
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Social Contract Theory: Social Contract Theory was founded by Thomas Hobbes, a renowned English philosopher. According to this theory, the moral and political obligations of individuals depend upon an agreement (contract) among them for the formation of the society they belong to. The purpose of this contract is the establishment of a constitutional act for keeping the political body subordinate to moral values. Hobbes believes that social contract makes it possible for human beings to continue their survival on this planet. He maintained that by contracting socially, men surrender their inherent liberties for enjoying the safety and ...
Business Ethics 2
Q1. Differentiate the concepts of morality and social ethics.
Morality: Morals and values have become, or it has created the spine of today’s modern society, every individual’s conscience and religion, and morality refers to the code of conduct, which is adopted within an environment, a set of rules which directs an individual towards right or wrong (Padilla, 2004). For example murder is a crime, it is immoral, but murder in a battlefield is ethical or permissible.
Social Ethics: Social ethics are moral principles that one way or the other shows the collective knowledge, practice or experience and culture ...
At first glance, the two philosophies of utilitarianism and psychological egoism appear to be quite similar. To the casual observer, both philosophies seem to say that people do good deeds to benefit themselves. Psychological egoism propounds that humans are always motivated by self interest, and utilitarianism, as explained by John Stuart Mill in his essay by that name, states that the more happiness an action promotes the more morally right it is. On closer inspection, though, are these two philosophies really so similar?
Mill believes that the greatest intrinsic motivator for people’s actions is their desire for ...
I. Introduction
Abortion has been a controversial issue not only in the United States but also in other parts of the world. People have failed to come up with a consensus whether the legalization of the action should be universal or not. This has opened up a large division within the society based on the position that individuals take within the society. Many of the organizations and entities that have been known to criticize abortion have been religious organizations that have argued that the sanctity of life is something that is worthy protecting. This has caused many people who are supportive ...
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1. Moral Agent
The Ford Pinto case is based on the constant explosion of Ford Pinto due to poor and defective fuel systems. The design led to several debates regarding the strategies applied by Ford for cost cutting measures. There was a clear lack of ethics, as the company was unwilling to upgrade the fuel system for the benefit of its customers.
2. Issue
The main issue is that Ford was willing to risk safety over reducing production costs, even when the cost for upgrading the fuel system would be $11 per car.
3. List of Possible Consequences
...
Given the strategic nature of the situation, it is undoubtedly a hard decision to make. Firstly, in order to make an informed decision, it is important to identify and understand the ethical dilemma. Secondly, it is essential to consider the dilemma in the light of various ethical lenses, in order to decide the best approach. The following sections include an explanation of the ethical dilemma and application of three ethical models to the situation.
Ethical Dilemma
On the other hand, if I were honest with the employee, I would be foregoing my professional obligation. As a result, the employee will be ...
Utilitarianism and Kantianism
Utilitarianism, Virtue ethics and Kantianism are examples of normative ethics. In these theories, there are three components which characterize every action: the consequences of the action, the action itself (which also include the motive of the action), and the agent (the doer). Utilitarianism deals with the consequences of the action. On the other hand, deontological theories (Kantianism and divine command theory) are concerned with motive/action. Virtue ethics, however, is concerned with the doer/agent (Stewart, 2009).
Utilitarianism and Kantianism
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is derived from the word utility. In utilitarianism, an action is deemed right only if its outcome is to ...
Abstract
Computers are foundations of every facet in human life for many years to come. However, Hacking is a sole activity of entering into computer systems without permission, but it eventually became an accepted business practice. Moral and ethical implications should be put in mind if universities and professors will require hacking as part of the curriculum. Technology aims to improve lives, but its usage may be abused – which can lead people to show self-centered acts towards benefits. In some cases, one can potentially abuse the benefit of convenience – based from the morals embodying ethical egoism. One can use the glaring ...
(Study Program)
Over the years, there have been evolvements of new and exciting technologies. Such technologies include; mobile phones, email, the World Wide Web, etc. Such is the proof of life in the information age. Despite all the benefits presented by the information age, there has also been the introduction of new ethical predicaments (Quinn, 2013). The ethical predicaments presented by the information age may appear as ordinary circumstances for many. However, for others, the ethical dilemmas are quite realistic and present substantively new challenges for them. Agreeably, the main objective of adopting new technologies is to provide solutions ...
Discussion 1: Advantages and disadvantages to Social Contract Moral Theory
Based on the social contract of moral theory, morality can be viewed as a practical problem’s solution which arises for human beings who are self interested. This is because morality helps people live lead good lives in cooperative social order and peace. To attain these objectives, there is a dire need for rules to govern and guide people to benefit from social living. This is what helps human beings understand ethics. Ethics has benefits as well as demerits on human beings and their surroundings. As much as the theory of social contract moral helps us understand and accept ethics as ...
Abstract
Ethics is important when making decision more so in the ethical dilemmas category. There are two systems that one bases his decisions on. They are deontological and teleological ethical systems. Deontological systems are decisions based on written or unwritten rules while Teleological are based on outcomes of the action. This paper analyses two ethical systems—deontological and teleological—with a personal conclusion of which one is the best.
- Key Words: Ethics, Deontology, and Teleology
- Ethical Systems
- Deontological Ethical Systems
Deontology comes from Greek words “Deon” that refers to duty and “Logy” that means science hence it directly means duty science ( ...
Introduction.
The continuous changes in the competitive environment in the tourism and hospitality industry oblige the sector to formulate ways that facilitate competitiveness, and increased market share. Contrary to conventional ways of competition like lowering of prices, product promotions, and increased profits, the sector’s levels of competition compels the players to shift to customer oriented strategies, and applying customer services, ethics, and laws of morality in achieving their intended market shares.
Recently, the question on ethical practices in tourism and hospitality in demonstrating customer relationships has led in formulation of business strategies in the sector. Most players believe ...
Philosophy
1. According to Kant what is the difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives? Why must moral imperatives always be categorical? How would Kant use this distinction to criticize ethical egoism and utilitarianism.
According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the difference between hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative is that the former refers to precepts and actions that only have conditional worth required to attain a desired objective; whereas, the latter refers to a universal moral principle of human conduct that is not limited by any condition in the determination of one’s duty. For Kant, the only one categorical imperative is: “Act ...
Ethical theories attempt to reason out which behaviors and decisions are morally “right.” To have a neat answer to the question, “Who do I emulate if I want to live an ethical life?” It is also difficult to answer the question, “What is moral?” The difference between moral and non moral depends on many variables in different situations. For this reason morality and ethics have been debated through the centuries. They have been organized into sets of theories in order to understand and consider them more easily. The author emphasizes the common sense necessity of respecting the use of facts ...
Introduction
“Ethical Leadership is defined as "the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement and decision-making" [and] the evidence suggests that ethical leader behavior can have important positive effects on both individual and organizational effectiveness”
Background
Ethical leaders encourage their followers to model their behaviours by communicating their standards and use rewards as well as discipline to promote suitable and unsuitable behaviours. Brown et al. (2005), who first quoted the above definition for ethical leadership, had implied implicitly that, the leader’s intent is never ...
For this argument, we choose the stance that humans are not capable of pure altruism. We are all born selfish and being selfless is like acting against once survival. Altruism is just an adaptive feature that human evolve to coexist amicably with fellow species and the environment (Sánchez & Cuesta, 2005). Altruism comes from the Latin word, ‘living for others’. This selfless act is done voluntarily by the person, without any expectation of reward and with no concern for once own wellbeing (Batson, 2014). Even rare saints who are identified as altruistic, are gaining reward in the form of ...
Introduction
Practicing business ethics involves three major steps; first, there must be a set of values that are used as a guideline in decision-making in a business environment, second, an understanding of the parties affected by those values and finally deciding on what actions works best for the values (Harry 45). Business ethics enable us to tell what is right and what is wrong in the course of doing business concerning the law. Good values make the society a better place to live. This essay gives a case study on business ethics in four parts. The first part introduces the ...
Introduction
Upholding ethical principles is essential to the maintenance of peace in any community. Precisely, the nature of people’s conduct in any organization is essential to the success of the institution. As such, people can determine how ethical or unethical we are by assessing our behaviours. According to Guerrette, Ethics is the philosophical study of the principles that govern the conduct of people in society [1]. Our actions can, therefore, be said to be ethical if they are praiseworthy and unethical if they are blameable. Ethics, therefore, tries to make a distinction between what is right and wrong. This ...
Ernest Hemingway is one of those artists, who like to expose themselves any way they like. Hemingway often used irony in his writings when depicting characters, which had life stories full of muddle and difficulties. Not many writers can boast of such an innovation brought to literature, but William Dean Howells can. He began as a critic, and later became a novelist – he is considered the champion of literary realism, who depicted each aspect of society without any embellishment. He sought to pass his own impressions to readers, to arouse their imagination and feelings – the same ones as Howells ...
Before understanding Buddha as one of the three jewels, it is first necessary to discuss the term “Three Jewels,” or “three treasures.” The jewel is something that is very precious. It is the Buddhists belief that the three fundamental teachings of Buddhism are very precious like jewels and for being Buddhist, the person has to take refuge of the three jewels. 'For lay follower and monastic alike, the three 'jewels' remain powerful objects for the ritual and devotional expression of their faith. ‘(“The Foundation of Buddhism” in Gethin, p.168) Taking refuge means taking shelter of the three jewels. 'Going ...
Introduction
Human interactions can be just like games. Game theory is an approach that attempts to analyze situations the same way players in a game assess situations. We face many situations, yet we do not have rules on how to handle them. Hence we wonder, what players would do if they were faced with the same situation. In a game, players make quick and strategic decisions that will help their team win. We handle real life situations just like players. The decisions we make affects our outcomes. Since we come in contact with people, game theory establishes how we can strategize with ...
It is wrong to steal, and children learn this from an early age. But what if a parent was unable to find work and as a result did not have any money to buy groceries for their children? Would it be okay in this situation to steal food from a grocery store even though it is wrong to steal. This question is an ethical question. I believe, as I will develop in this essay, that it is okay to steal from a grocery store. This question, in some senses, is a silly question; very few people would agree that a parent should let their children ...
Introduction
One aspect of human life that deeply interested Patanjali was suffering. Patanjali was particularly interested in how humans can awaken and free themselves from suffering. The concept of suffering can be found in his famous text known as Yoga Sutras. In this text, suffering is referred to as “duhkham." Patanjali uses the term duhkham to synonymize all the disturbances that take place within the human equilibrium. These range from feelings of unhappiness or disquiet to big heartbreak. Simply, duhkham encompasses feelings of anger, anxiety, sadness, unhappiness and even devastation. This paper aims to explore Patanjali’s perspective and diagnosis ...
24.05.2014
1.0 Introduction
Both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations across the world experience ethical issues that must be addressed for the successful realization of the outcomes of these organizations. The ethical issues and dilemma vary from one case to the other, and often compels the organizations to take certain positions based on the ethical values embraced. This study will analyze key problems and ethical dilemma that faced the Human Society of the United States (HSUS), a not-for-profit organization; and General Mills, a for-profit organization. The article will examine the key ethical dilemmas that these two organizations faced, the positions that ...
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Integrity in Business
Integrity in Business
Integrity in business is one of the virtues that the society and the corporate world at large endeavor to uphold. Integrity can be explained as the quality of an individual to always behave according to the accepted moral principles. According to businessethics, every businessman should strive to maintain the integrity at all times. Business ethics demands that the business professionalsshould act responsible and uphold integrity when reviewing sensitive financial information. For instance, when creating or updating profit and loss account, trading account of an organization or any other form of account involving financial information, a business ...
AND JEREMY BENTHAM
Facilitator’s Name
AND JEREMY BENTHAM
Introduction
Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant were the two famous philosophers, who elucidated the criterion for evaluating human actions. Jeremy Bentham introduced the concept of assessing actions through the intensity of happiness it produces to the highest number of people; a notion that is based on utilitarianism. On the contrary, Immanuel Kant expounded the same through Categorical Imperative. Moral rightness of a decision according to Bentham’s Consequentialist Utilitarian theory is defined by the outcomes it produces, while Kant focuses on the moral rightness of the action. This paper will highlight the major similarities and ...
Philosophy
Morality is a very important concept in human life. It is a guiding principle on what is right and wrong. Without ethics, life can be so challenging because everyone will have to behave the way they want without thinking about the interests and welfare of others. In medicine, it is essential for each and every practitioner to comply with the standard ethical requirements expected of this profession. This should be done in compliance to the Hippocratic Oath which they commit themselves to, upon the completion of their training. Thus, it is true that without ethics, the medical practitioners will not act ...
Philosophy
The self-interest of person is itself a relative term as it is defined by various factors for example culture, religion, level of education and personal interests. Self-interest can also be defined as narcicism. Self-interest can vary as far as saddicism as long as it serves the personal interests of the sadist
Philosophical egoism can be proven to be true through thorough dissection and in-depth analysis of actions that are thought to be the most selfless ever committed. All actions serve to suit personal interests. A person giving a beggar money in the streets may seem selfless but they are actually ...
Introduction
Physician-assisted suicide has been subject to much global public debate. As the topic on human rights continues to gain momentum and make waves across the consciousness of people all over the world, humanity also continues to expand the scope and coverage of their rights. The right to death, as best manifested by physician-assisted suicide, is one such right. Highly controversial, this particular right brings forth some important questions. Firstly, when does one’s right to death begin? Secondly, to what extent should the physician take responsibility for the person who requested for death? Finally, on a personal note, can the ...
Introduction
Nike was founded on January 25, 1964 by “University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman” as “Blue Ribbon Sports”. In 1978, the American company was renamed “Nike” in homage to the Roman “goddess of victory”. Between 1964 to 1978, Nike created the first “brand advertisement” called “There is No Finish Line” which helped the company achieve a market share of about 50% in the US, fueling the company’s next step of listing in the stock market. In December of that same year, Nike was listed in the New York Stock Exchange .
Nike is a ...
LE WAN
MGMT-461
Leadership; Theory and Practice- Summer 2013
(INSTRUCTOR’S NAME)
Introduction.
My name is Le Wan, and I come from southern China. I came to US for my college qualifications and plan to go back to China after I finish college. I believe that China is one of the largest and plays a crucial part as one of the world’s financial centers. This is why I plan to go back there, and focus my work on my family’s company, which is currently losing its international competitiveness despite having contributed a lot to China past economic miracle. I hope ...
John Stuart Mill believes that it creates pleasure in life when people engage in ethical actions and all that every human being wants in life is pleasure and not pain. Comparably, other utilitarian’s believe that all things worthy having are pleasurable experiences. It is unfortunate that not all experiences bring pleasure, they can still cause pain. According to Mill, utilitarianism is based on the principle that “actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (Mill, 2001). When there is happiness, there is pleasure and no ...
Walt Disney is a serial attention seeker who is not happy when one of his employees grabs the headlines. This story revolves around the reaction of Walt Disney on the success of his employee who ferried animals to Island of Tobago for filming of, “The Swiss Family Robinson.”
Walt Disney believed he was the sole creator of the Disney world, his behaviour characterizing him as an egotistical and tyrannical of a mortal man. Walt Disney’s angry reaction shows a man who believed that he should have been in the headline and not one of his staff (Richard, 1968). The creator ...
Approaches to Ethics
Emotivism
This is simply a meta-ethical view of ethics which holds that the ethical sentences are not expressions of personal propositions but are the emotional attitudes. In other words, it is an expression that the moral judgments that individuals express are either positive or negative human feelings which define who you are. In the view of emotivism, ethics looks at the persons feelings as the core values. They show whether he is wrong or right in the opinions or actions he presents. On the other hand, the morality of an individual is dependent on the person and his or ...
Understanding an individual’s behavior is a complicated task, which requires a learning experience. Human behavior is unpredictable and complex and trying to understand it requires a high degree of accuracy. Different people have varying characteristic behaviors and psychologists have come up with different theories to explain why people behave in certain ways. Even when the psychologists put more effort in explaining these theories, people are still not enlightened on their behaviors. Williams James was a very excellent psychologist whose work has influenced many people in their daily lives. According to James (1950), Williams James was guided by four aspects (social self, spiritual ...
Branch Rickey is often said to be one of the most forward-thinking and innovative managers and executives in baseball, for no less reason than his decision to sign Jackie Robinson to the Dodgers in 1945. Jackie Robinson then went on to become the first rookie of the year in baseball history, set records, and broke the color barrier that was an unwritten rule in baseball clubs since their inception. These actions by both Rickey and Robinson are absolutely some of the most influential and groundbreaking moments in American history and racial equality, but the philosophy behind these actions reveals a ...
