Gene College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

1) Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes are two types of genes that ordinarily keep the cell cycle functioning as it should. Explain the roles of these two types of genes, and explain what can occur when these types of gene are not working properly. Provide at least two different examples of cancers associated with mutations of these types of genes.

The purpose of the proto-oncogenes under normal circumstances is to make sure that cells proliferate, in other words the oncogenes stimulate cell production. But when a normal, healthy ocogene cell becomes mutated or expresses at higher than normal levels it causes cancer. The first oncogenic virus was discovered in 1916 and called the Rous virus after the person who discovered it, Peyton Rous. Rous viruses represent a family of viruses called the retro viruses. Retro viruses contain a genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA).

There is always the possibility that RNA will be transcribed into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) by an enzyme of ...

Article Reflection

Article Reflection

Introduction

Placids can be defined as the endosymbiotic organelles, which substantially rely on the cell of their hosts to survive. Even so, placids are reported to have shown so much diversity in different situations. Therefore, ways through which differences emerge has been addressed. Some of the aspects that contribute to these differences are such as the difference in the lineages from which plastids originated. This is evident given that there are primary and secondary lineages from which the plastids can stem from. Additionally, the cause for the small size of the plastids has been established.
Plastids are ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned above. This paper ...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly deals with the functions ...

The Biological Basis

The term Genetic Modification (GM) refers to the techniques by which the genetic composition of a plant is manipulated by adding specific genes to it. Every plant contains genes, which are DNA sequences containing information that determine its specific characteristics or traits. The genes are “inheritance units” that provide instructions for the development and functionality of the plant’s next generation. Crop plants modified through this process are called GM or genetically engineered crops, or transgenic crops (“Process of Developing Genetically Modified (GM) Crops.”, n.d.). The principal steps in the process are:
- The wanted gene is isolated; e.g. ...

Genetic modification, as the name suggests, is a biotechnological process by which the genetic material in an organism such as plants is altered in a manner that does not take place in the nature or via nature-influenced recombination. Such organisms which are called as the Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs find immense practical applications in the modern times. They are used extensively for carrying out medical and biological scientific work, are used to manufacture new pharmaceutical medications and importantly, are used in agriculture to produce good quality crops. The reason why genetic modification has gained prominence in agriculture is because it ...

Exam #1 (50 points)

1a ) Natural selection is the process by which adaptive traits of species increases through generations. In Cadotte’s research, he had several combinations of the 17 kinds of plots and he found out that those which had the most variation, survived the most. These were the plants with the most distance from each other. The adaptive traits of these plants were inherited by its offspring. Since the plants with traits that survived the most produced more offspring then these were the ones that flourished the most. The reason, Codette explained was that these plants had different needs therefore they ...

The cow became one of the idols in Africa. Africans generally learned to appreciate and adore the cow. The Dinka, in a show of their love for the cow, have designed four hundred different names used to refer to the cow. The Maasai of Kenya are exceptions to idolizing the cow and their love for the cow. This has led them to believing that the cow was given to them by the gods, and on that basis they are true and dear to the cow. It is considered to them a blessing to herd and keep more herds of cattle as ...

With reference to Biological studies, homology is the presence of shared pedigree between living organisms in terms of evolution. The homology might be in terms of genetical constitution, or physical constitution, to name a few. Here, I have described the evolutionary homology between various phyla supporting the description with a phylogenetic tree.

Genetic code is the combination of DNA and RNA sequences that constitute the amino acid sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and generally, protein coding amino acids is very similar in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The principle differences occur ...

Genetic engineering and sustainable production of ornamentals: current status and future directions

It is evident that in the recent times technological advancement has led to the growth of various sectors of the economy including the area of scientific research and development. Owing to the rapidly growing population, researchers and scholars have sat down to come up with remedies so as to curb the looming problem food insecurity across the globe and through the last decades, health-friendly farm produces have been engineered after a series of laboratory experiments and this effort has yielded fruits through the production of certified, food production (Lütken, et al. 1141). This has been set forth to meet ...

Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease are two of the most prevalent types of immune disorders. Being diseases of the immune system, both diseases have similarities and, of course, striking differences. Reviewing both of their pathophysiology, incidences of occurrence and maladaptive responses may help us understand how these two immune disorders manifest their symptoms and affect the human body.
Psoriasis is considered as the most prevalent autoimmune disorder, particularly the psoriasis vulgaris type (Krueger and Bowcock, 2005). Additionally, the prevalence of psoriasis considerably varies worldwide (Langley, Krueger, and Griffiths, 2005). In USA, an estimated 2% of the population is ...

Pedigree Case Analysis

A verified pedigree can help in the determination of the most likely pattern of inheritance of a single-gene disorder in a family. Pedigree analysis also has relevance to the determination of approaches to testing, assessment of recurrence risks, and in some instances, prognosis (Leonard, 2007). The purpose of this paper is multi-pronged. It will analyze the pedigree of a family with the aims of identifying the pattern of inheritance of a trait, additional information required, other relatives at risk, and alternative explanations for the condition.

Additional Information Required

The pedigree illustration provided does not depict the presence of the condition in the preceding two generations on ...

Genetic technology

Question 1
Genetic engineering is the uninterrupted manipulation of the genome of an organism using biotechnology skills (Dahiya et al., 2006). Genetic technology or rather genetic engineering involves isolating, copying and transferring genetic material from one organism to another; the practice involves the use of biological systems (CBD, 1992). The techniques used in genetic technology that include isolation of the gene of interest, cloning the identified gene in a suitable host and finally using gene promoters to improve protein expression (Houdebine, 2009). The genetic Technology article elaborates the importance of Genetic Technology in biology as will be discussed in ...

Investigating the Functions of Proteins

The steps made so far in the process of gene mapping has opened up ways in which more studies are done on the human DNA. ENCODE and Genome researchers have so far sequenced more than 90 genomes. With the understanding of genes and their loci, it has been easier to locate and carry out studies on a single gene. Most genes code for various proteins in the body of an organism; it has become paramount that the roles of these genes be identified and prescribed out. The knowledge of the functions of each gene, or the protein it codes for, ...

Introduction

Proteomics is the study of proteins in terms of their structures and functions. The term proteome refers to the entire set of proteins modified of produced by the organism. However, the interactions and modifications tend to vary with time and their distinct requirements and environmental stresses that the organism undergoes. This is an interdisciplinary domain based on research studies originally on yeast, then mice. Experiments have been forwarded describing the ways of investigating genetic interactions and various aspects of different functional proteins in genes. This essay proposes experiments that would be used to investigate a particular gene (named Without Kicking ...

Introduction: Genetic mutations are associated with changes in the genomic sequence that are the main cause of diversity among organisms. The changes in genetic sequence can occur at any instance and are known to have different consequences. Mutations are often associated with a change that affects the nucleic acids in most organisms. Nucleic acids are considered as the building blocks of DNA. On the other hand, DNA are associated with the storage of information that is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Mutations are associated with diversity and considered as an essential part in evolution. Genetic mutation is considered to ...

This paper was prepared for course ___________________ for Professor _________________.

THE GAY GENE AND HOMOSEXUALITY Author 2
Even with the plethora of technological advances available to the world, the issue of what exactly determines if an individual becomes a homosexual still remains unresolved. Some people feel homosexuality is a decision based on a person’s environment or is a personal choice, while others contend there has to be some factor in a person’s DNA that makes them harken to homosexuality. No matter what stance a person or organization chooses to select, what is readily apparent is scientific studies of various circumstances, factors and situations have yielded a multitude of results. Therefore, the verdict according ...

Properties of Life

When it comes to dealing with cells as a structural and functional unit of all kinds of life on earth, it is important to understand the biological concept of what constitutes life. Most biologists, including cell biologists will agree that life is defined according to seven principles. First, that living things are composed of cells. A cell is a unit that makes up all kinds of life, whether it is a bacterial life or plant life or human life. The second principle is that there are different levels of organization in life – cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and so ...

Introduction

The technique of cloning has added new dimensions to modern science empowering biologists to devise solutions for problems which were difficult to be resolved earlier. Cloning refers to the process of creating an exact replica of a gene, cell, tissue or an organism . The copy, thus created by the process consisting of the replica of genetic material of the original is referred as a “clone”.

Types of Cloning

Cloning can be natural as well as artificial. Natural cloning process can be seen in single celled organisms such as bacteria which reproduce by asexual means and produce an exact replica of the parent bacterium . Identical ...

A Separate Peace is Gene’s story to tell, of course. The entire plot is a flashback, as he waxes eloquent about his time at the Devon School. When the novel first opens, he appears as an alumnus coming back to the site of his adolescence. This gives the reader the sense that the narrator has some greater wisdom along with a healthy perspective about his time at the school. However, from the beginning, it is clear that Gene seems just as insecure as an adult as he was as an adolescent. Indeed, his main concern is that nothing may have ...

Evolution involves the change of inherited characteristics of biological populations in successive generations. The process give rise to different levels of organization and diversity that includes changes in DNA, species, molecular formations, and the basic proteins forming the organism. Human evolution has been a major subject both in history and biology. Many theories have been advance explaining the origin of man on earth. The most prominent of the theories is the Darwin’s Theory on human evolution.
Darwin theory of evolution is based on natural selection. The theory explains how the environmental factors and other factors interact to favor ...

Introduction

Genes are the smallest functional units present in the human body, which controls the development and formation of the organism. These genes are present on the chromosomes as pair and are expressed when the body needs a certain protein or compound. However, at times, one or both the genes may be faulty due to mutations. This impaired gene causes the formation of a Genetic disorder. These genetic diseases were studied with the tools of biotechnology and thus developed the Gene Therapy technique (Sheridan 121).
Gene therapy is a tool that uses biotechnological techniques to prevent diseases caused by defective genes. It ...

VIDEO SUMMARY 1-5

VIDEO 1
This presentation is all about gene expression in the plant especially in flowers. The main interest relates to the consequences of gene duplication on affected flowers. Gene duplication occurs in several different ways. During this occurrence of the duplication, there are some features that are related to the duplication. Some of the features are the gene loss (mutation), new function (New functionalization), and subfunctionalization. The project also talked about different part of flowers and what genes are responsible for such expression. The classes of genes that are listed are the A-class genes, B-class genes, C-class genes, ...

Cholera Toxin Enhances Vaccine-Induced Protection against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Challenge in Mice

This experiment is an animal experiment made in accordance with the basic guideline the UK Animal Act 1986. Methods use was by collecting mice of 6-8wks. BCG Pasteur vaccine administered. Others vaccines are MVA85A and cholera toxin. Intradermal agents administered are the anti-IL-1A blocking antibody and the isotype IgG2a. Animals were then challenge with Biaera AeroMP aerosol nebulizer at a targeted pressure and dose. Organ harvest and stimulation for immunogenicity was then done. The lungs and spleen are the organs harvested aseptically. The organs were then processed with different steps such as mincing and digestion with DNase/collagenases. The cells collected ...

Introduction:

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects and a prime reason for deaths in first year of life. It accounts for about 20% of congenital defects in infants. The understanding of this study is based on evolution of heart, heart development in mammals and molecular regulation of cardiac development.
Evolution of heart saw change in the number of chambers, with fishes (two chambers), amphibians (three chambers) and reptiles, birds and mammals (four chambers). During the developmental process, heart is generated from splanchnic mesoderm that contains the original cardiac cells.
Mouse has a gestation period ...

Research question: What is the role of inheritance in the development of anxiety and how can anxiety be managed?

Anxiety is an automatic response and defensive behavior that accompany circumspection or threatening aspects of the surrounding. Joshua and Rene found out that individuals who suffer from anxiety disorders get crippled by devastating bodily and emotional symptoms. Animal models of anxiety have helped various researchers to understand neural mechanisms.
With the help of anxiolytic drugs, it has been identified that fear-potentiated disconcert and fear-conditioned glacial depend on learned associations between painful and mild stimuli (Gordon & Hen, 2004). Neurobiological and pharmacological exploration discloses that neurotransmitters and neuron systems are responsible for expressing anxiety. Injection of any drugs that affect ...

Abstract

Obesity is a heritable and genetically influenced disorder. Recent studies have proved that obesity is a biochemically driven neurological disorder. Obesity has a complex and heterogeneous genetic and phenotypic manifestation. Familial obesity is monogenic and common obesity is polygenic. Leptin and its receptor (LEPR), the α-melanocortin-stimulating hormone receptor (MC4R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and prohormone subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) are some of the single genes involved in monogenic obesity. Glutamate Decarboxylase 2 gene (GAD2) gene is thought to be part of a polygene system resulting in common obesity. GAD2 coding sequence is present on chromosome 10p locus and encodes for a protein GAD65. This protein catalyzes ...

The chapter on single gene inheritance offers a sound understanding of single gene diseases and conditions in human. The chapter discusses the ways in which geneticists identify the genes involved in development in order to understand the biological property. It expounds on the popular approach; gene discovery. There are disease which are caused by single gene mutations, and they often run across the family lineage. The pedigree of big families with several affected people may be used to evaluate if a disease-related gene is located on a sex chromosome or autosome and to determine if the associated disease phenotype is recessive or ...

“Abstract”

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the fluidity of plasma membrane in cells. Evidence of cholesterol evolution from lanosterol suggests that cholesterol has little sensitivity to changes in temperature as opposed to lanosterol. Simulations also revealed that there is no ld-lo coexistence and 3-phase lines in lipid/lanosterol systems as opposed to lipid/cholesterol systems. The sterol also favors a strong interaction with lipids having saturated acyl chains (Miao et al.) which is a key factor in understanding and characterizing the lipid bilayer model. Based on surface potential measurements, cholesterol and ergosterol reduce the penetration of water into the lipid monolayer. Results revealed that excess ...

Abstract. The aim of the study was to validate the existence of vesicles in gram positive bacteria, bacillus subtilis. The visualization of the vesicles was carried out by various microscopy techniques. The measurement of vesicle size was performed and the amount of vesicles compared between various strains. The laboratory cultured strains was more effective in the study as they exhibited hyper production of the vesicles. The production of vesicles was also validated in environmental strain, however in much smaller amount. The vesicles were also visualized and isolated from biofilms that act as the natural environment of the bacteria. Proteomic ...

There are numerous reports of vesicle production in Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, where vesicles may play a role in virulence. We established that Bacillus subtilis produces vesicles using a variety of techniques including light scattering, metabolic labeling, and electron microscopy. Vesicles produced by B.subtilis contain proteins, associated with the cellular membrane, suggesting a possible site of origin. Proteins encased in these vesicles belong to a variety of pathways suggesting an involvement in metabolism, iron transport, and antibiotic resistance. B. subtilis could provide a good model for studying the mechanism of vesicle production in pathogenic and hard to work ...

Introduction

Dissimilarities and similarities among different groups of organisms are the result evolution. This change occurs in the characteristics of different biological populations with the passage of time. The four forces of evolution result in speciation. Speciation is the process in evolution through which new species arise. It could result from any of the four forces of evolution. These are genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and selection. They lead to slight changes in existing species, as well as the formation of new species.

Mutations

This is the main source of evolutionary change. It occurs randomly, when mistakes take place in copying ...

!Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and mainly caused due to heterozygous mutations in fibrillin-1 encoding gene. This syndrome was described by Antoine Bernard-Jean Marfan in the year 1896. This disorder involves skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular systems, dura, lungs and integument. The manifestations observed are aortic aneurysm, dislocation of ocular lens, over growth of long bone. Most of the cases are due to FBN1 mutations. This syndrome affects 1 in 3000-5000 and one-fourth of the cases are sporadic. Diagnosis of this syndrome is often challenging since it is age-dependent and frequent in all types of populations, ...

Gene control variation in species through the simple process of meiosis. This is the asexual process that results into 4 cells after a single cell splits. Therefore, Gene control variations by forming varied DNA, which have similar molecules with the parent species but varies in each individual or animal. Control of variation by genes is usually carried out through coding for various traits using four nucleic acids which are: Adenine (a purine), Cytosine (a pyrimidine), Guanine (a purine) and Thymine (a pyrimidine) (Gaultier, 2007, p.156). Different combinations of these four nucleic acids accounts for variations within a species; this is what is referred to as ...

Describe a test to determine whether the gene is dominant or recessive.

Gregory Mendel is well known scientist who discovered existing patterns in traits inheritance passed from an organism to its offspring. Gregory’s findings led to the establishment of Mendel laws. These laws include; the law of dominance, isolation and Independent assortment. In the case of Curly-eared Cat, mutant gene can either be recessive or dominant. For instance, if a person owns a curled cat and wants to establish if the gene is dominant or recessive, then the following steps can be adopted.
First, begin the test by taking the cat to mate with a wild type with a true breeding recessive. A ...

The field of study that is under examination and will be a major highlight of this press release is the discipline of biological chemistry. The main are of research and study regarding this discipline will focus on human genetics with an objective of revealing the techniques that implement successful gene manipulation in human beings via the use of specialized technology to aid in achieving this scientific operation
I intend to tackle the queries regarding conducting this experimental approach is viable and will be successful. The research and study I will be conducting is aimed at investigating whether gene knockout ...

Introduction

Science, technology when applied to the natural way how a human’s body and all of its corresponding organ systems operate can be referred to as biotechnology. Biotechnology has emerged as one of the most lucrative and fast developing field of medicine combined with technology. It can be defined as the utilization of organisms (e.g. humans, animals, plants, etc.) or any living system to create, develop, or improve products that can be used to make a particular task easier, or more efficient . In an era characterized by rapid and even unpredictable improvements in technology, one can assume that the same rate ...

Gene therapy is the planned introduction of the genes into an individual. The purpose of gene therapy is to correct the defective genes or alleviate the symptoms of genetic diseases when the gene is inserted into the individual. Therefore, gene therapy is the name given to the treatment of hereditary diseases through genetic engineering of the genes that are dysfunctional. Gene therapy is part of a larger field that is genetic medicine. This field involves the screening, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the inborn genes in humans. The results obtained from the genetic screenings are known to pinpoint the potential ...

Sex linkage is the expression of Phenotypic allele that depends on the gender of an individual and is linked directly to the sex chromosomes the individual has. In mammals, the male sex is most likely to show the recessive sex linked traits. Genotype is the genetic compositions of an individual and it refers to the genes an individual has in a genome. It determines the characteristics of a person and how he or she responds to certain stimulus. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the physical characteristics or the appearance of an individual. These can be seen in things like the ...

Biotechnology has been used in four main industrial areas, medical, agriculture, industry and environmental field. In medicine, biotechnology plays a vital role in areas of diagnosis, therapy and vaccine production. Through biotechnology, it is now possible to determine the sex of a baby who is yet to be born. Biotechnology is also used in the identification of the individuals carrying only one copy of a gene that needs both copies of the gene for a disease such as hemophilia to manifest. Biotechnology is also used in the prenatal diagnostic screening of conditions such as Down syndrome (PUB, 2010).
Screening of new born ...

This essay will analyze, assess, and describe the significance of Mise en scène used in the 1952 musical comedy film “Singin’ in the Rain,” directed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen, which starred Gene Kelly himself alongside Debbie Reynolds and Donald O'Connor. The scene that this essay will focus on is the scene where the song “Singing in the Rain” is performed by Gene Kelly ("Singing in the"). Mise en scène, “a French term meaning "putting into a scene "” (Goodykoontz & Jacobs, 2011), is basically the term used to describe the design elements of film production. In other words, mise ...

39 A. When a female tortoise shell cat mates with a black male cat, the resulting offspring that could be produced have the following genotypic frequency: XBXb: XBY:XbXb:XbY with a 1:1:1:1 ratio.
39 B. This is the result of mosaic expression. Female tortoise shell cats have a mixed coat color in heterozygous individuals. This due to the expression of both the dominant allele (XB) resulting in patches of their coat being orange and the recessive allele (Xb) which results in patches of their coat being black. This is a result of one of the X chromosomes being inactivated during development. So some epithelial ...

Evolution is a very slow process where change in a genetic composition occurs over a long period of time. Micro evolutionary changes which are essential for creation of a new species also happen after a long period of time. These changes are small but observable. (Hariland, Walrath, Prins & McBride ,2010|) Therefore, microevolution refers to the changes within a gene collection that takes place from one generation to another. Frequency of alleles in a given population may change due to the following fundamental factors also referred to as fundamental forces: gene flow, natural selection, generic drift and mutation. It is used as the basic unit of classification ...

Microevolution refers to the change that occurs in allele frequencies as a result of natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift and mutation. Macroevolution on the other hand refers to trends, big-scale patterns and change rates in families and other more overall species’ groups. A species refers to a group of organisms that are able to interbreed giving rise to viable offspring. A population refers to organisms of the same species that have interbred and live at the same geographical location at the same time.
There are four forces that influence micro to macro evolution. These include; mutation, selection, genetic drift ...

Introduction

Evolution is a very interesting concept in anthropology. It refers to the biological populations’ alteration of the inherited characteristics over successive generations. The processes in evolution bring diversity at each biological organization level including, individual organisms, molecules like proteins and DNA, and species. According to what we know, life on this universe actually originated and afterwards evolved from universal common ancestor. Perhaps this is what makes the subject of evolution appear more interesting since through it we get well informed about where we originated from and about our evolution.
The concept of evolution is basically categorized under both micro ...

The nomenclature of introns can be traced to the word intragenic, which refers to a region inside a gene. An Intron, therefore, is any basic structural unit of nucleic acids within a gene. In a similar manner, Intron refers to both the corresponding successiveness in RNA transcripts and the DNA successiveness found inside a gene. The existence of Introns within different genomes is seen to vary widely across the scale of living organisms. For instance, introns are common within the genetic system of the higher vertebrate such as humans. On the other hand, there are those which are not that common within the nuclear ...

- What is the basic structure of DNA?
The DNA’s basic structure is of a 3D double helix, which is consisted of two chains; each one of these chains is constituted by subunits that are called the nucleotides. Having four different kinds of nucleotides present on those chains in a given sequence, these are defined as polynucleotide chains. The polynucleotide chains, on their turn, are known as DNA chains or strands and the nucleotides of each chain are interlinked by hydrogen bonds, keeping the two together.
- A gene has three triplets: AAT, ATA and TAC. What are ...

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Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction
Gene therapy is a genetic technology in which genes and nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) are used for the cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease. This technology can be accomplished by replacing a defective or mutated gene with a healthy copy to reduce the problem; removing or inactivating a mutated or defective gene to reduce or eliminate improper functioning, and/or introducing a new kind of gene in the body to help in the fight against disease. Initially, the technology was used for orphan diseases such as primary immunodeficiencies, but with the passage of time, ...

The development of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology has transformed genetics and gene editing. CRISPR’s precision and efficiency have allowed scientists to control and modify genetic material with unparalleled precision. This technology, however, presents a slew of ethical issues about its possible ramifications and implications. This essay will outline the CRISPR technology, discuss the ethical problems with CRISPR and conflicts surrounding it, as well as argue whether gene editing is ethical in general.

What Is the CRISPR Technology?

CRISPR technology is a genetic technique that allows researchers to alter particular genes in an organism’s DNA. The method employs a class of enzymes ...

A gene is a DNA code that contains some accurate information that determines a particular characteristic in a given crop. Genetic modification of crop plants refers to the process by which a DNA from a different plant or animal is introduced to another plant. The new gene introduced leads to a permanent change in the genetic makeup of the cell to which the new DNA is introduced (Freedman, 2009).
According to Chrispeels, Sadava and Chris peels (2003), there are several steps through which genetic modification of crops is done. The gene is first isolated from the plant or an animal containing it. This process ...

Determining the size of gene fragments

1) Alul restriction enzyme cuts the protease gene at restriction sites with base position 62 and position 1149 respectively. Considering the fact that the gene has 1216 base pairs, three possible fragments are generated with Alul restriction digestion.

The first digestion fragment length ranges from base pair 1 to base pair 62= 61 base pairs.

The second fragment length ranges from base pair 62 to base pair 1149 in length=1087 base pairs
The third fragment ranges from base pair 1216 to base pair 1149 in length= 67 base pairs.

2) Sa/l restriction enzyme cuts the protease gene at ...

Phenylketonuria

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) performs an enzymatic function during the conversion of phenylalanine (abbreviated Phe), to tyrosine. Existing naturally in several types of foods, for instance breast milk, Phe is an essential α-amino acid and one of the plethora of amino acids used in the formation of proteins. Phenylalanine exists in three forms; L-phenylalanine, D-phenylalanine (mirror image of L-phenylalanine), and DL-phenylalanine which is a typic combination of D and L-phenylalanine, and unlike D and L- phenylalanine, is not found in foods. On the other hand, tyrosine, a part from being a derivative of phenylalanine, is a non-essential amino acid that forms part of the ...

The advances in biotechnological field have made it possible to understand the genetic role behind molecular mechanisms to large extents. This in depth understanding of biological processes has paved ways to treat the untreatable aiding the human existence in multitudes of aspects like food, health, bioremediation, mining, biopharmaceutical production and much more. This microbial world is vast and has been a platform for human beings to explore their biological systems as they are simpler cells and can be manipulated with much ease than complex systems. The DNA harnessed within the cells are the molecular entities that have been targeted ...

Introduction

When it comes to the topic of race, it can be observed to have many meanings ranging from social to biological. According to anthropologists’ views, race can be viewed in terms of biological and cultural variability. Anthropologists look at the customs of the society from various parts of the world in order to search for the common elements that define people’s existence. There have been many types of research that have been conducted in order to find the relation and impact between race and medicine. The reason for the researches is because of the constant debates that have ...

Introduction

Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are plants and animals in which the genetic material has been artificially altered through technological means. Genetic modification is now so widespread in agriculture that most Americans consume GMO-derived food every day without even realizing it (Chrispeels, 2014). Genetically modified meats, fruits, and vegetables are made by extracting and splicing segments of DNA from different organisms together.

How GMOS are Created

The creation of GMOs requires three main components: the gene to be transferred, the organism that the gene will be transferred into, and the vector of transmission that will deliver the new gene to the host, or ...

Introduction:

Phylogenetic tree also known as evolutionary tree depicts the connection between various species of animals and plants based on their physical and genetic traits. Top points of the trees symbolize descendent common species whereas nodes symbolize common ancestor of descendents. Phylogenetic trees very effectively show the evolution that took place by adaptive and sudden ancestry splits. The Phylogenetic trees can be classified mainly in four types rooted tree, un-rooted tree, bifurcating tree and special tree types.

The basal universal phylogenetic tree inferred from comparative analyses of rRNA sequences.

1. Horizontally acquired variations – Horizontal acquire variations occurs due to horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer is a ...

Gene Typing Tay-Sachs

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited metabolic disease of lysosomal lipid metabolism, and it is caused by the mutation of genes encoding the HEXB gene. It is a very severe genetic disorder which occurs in children in most cases and results in progressive destruction of the nervous system of the affected individual (Walker, 2007). The factors that cause the occurrence of the diseases is the absence of the hexosaminidase-A (HEX-A) enzyme that is very critical to have in the human genetic system. The lack of the HEX-A enzyme causes the accumulation of a fatty substance known as GM2 ganglioside in ...

1. What is genetics?
Genetics is a division or biology that deals with the study of heredity and the rules governing it (TheMedicalDictionary.com).
2. Do inherited traits only include physical traits that we can see? If not, what are some other types of inherited traits?
Inherited traits include more than just physical traits. Other non physical traits that are inherited as such as behavioral traits, intelligence, tongue rolling, handedness, hand clasping PTC tasting and other observable human characteristics (Stark et al ).
3. What is bioethics?

4. Explain how the DNA molecule carries information.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...