Genetics College Essays Samples For Students

Meiosis is also called litotes. This is a process by which there occurs cell division. The result is ‘four daughter cells’ with chromosomes that number half of what the parent cell had. This process has two main phases; one, ‘interphase meiosis 1’ and two, ‘interphase meiosis 2. Both these processes are cell division processes. The first interphase involves the cells duplication process while the second interphase involves the crossing over o the divided cells (Belk, 2010).

Over the years, scientists have endeavored to study the human system. Bones and fossils, as well as DNA have been continually studied so ...

Is Evolution True?

Is Evolution True?
Development can be defined as the fundamental process whereby species that are new develop from earlier species through accumulated changes. Sometimes an evolution is described as "descent with modification". As this process of speciation continues to take place, many species start to appear thus becoming increasingly different, and this continues over time and becomes a pattern. Through many observations of the changes in life forms over time, these models have been developed. Charles Darwin explains that the mechanism on hoe evolution occurs is by natural selection. Having constantly been observed, natural selection role in being the ...

The effect of taking a DNA test is far more profound than just getting the information, it causes more harm than the medics portray. The following questions would help a person decide whether to take the test.

Are you prepared to make changes in your life and lifestyle if the DNA test results demand so? Genetic test results could change ones financial life and social identity. Many people cannot acquire the medical attention and change of eating habits that their newly discovered conditions demand. The American Academy of Pediatrics ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

So where is the trust? This paper has researched and highlighted the effects of food manufacturing in an era of mass preparations, not necessarily concerned with health benefits of edible items. Industrialization continues to burgeon in every field: medicine, sports, media broadcasting, and food production. This moment represents a critical time for industrial food technology. In terms of safe, sanitary livestock, fruit and vegetable production there exists the simultaneous competition to make food products tasty, cost-efficient, and instantly consumed. Chemical-based food additives add flavors and colorings attractive to children, but are greasy French fries loaded with salt (and the promise ...

Introduction

The debate on the safety of Genetically Modified (GM) foods has raged on for close to two decades now. On one hand of the controversy are people who argue that GM foods are safe and suitable in ensuring that the increasing world population gets adequate food in the face of deteriorating climate and unfavorable production factors. On the other hand, there are a significant number of people who allege that GM foods have negative long-term effect on human beings. Those opposed to GMOs have cited failure by researchers to prove safety and attributed the increment in chronic diseases to the ...

Several people in different parts of the world in both developed and developing countries go without or with little food every day. This is attributed to the fact that there exists not enough food to supply the needs of the people in these countries. As result of factors such as war, political feuds, poor economic prosperity and poor infrastructure, hunger and poverty are generally witnessed in such countries. Therefore their use of genetically modified food is seen as a source of relief to the starving population. It has to be understood that the use of Genetically Modified food may not ...

1) Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes are two types of genes that ordinarily keep the cell cycle functioning as it should. Explain the roles of these two types of genes, and explain what can occur when these types of gene are not working properly. Provide at least two different examples of cancers associated with mutations of these types of genes.

The purpose of the proto-oncogenes under normal circumstances is to make sure that cells proliferate, in other words the oncogenes stimulate cell production. But when a normal, healthy ocogene cell becomes mutated or expresses at higher than normal levels it causes cancer. The first oncogenic virus was discovered in 1916 and called the Rous virus after the person who discovered it, Peyton Rous. Rous viruses represent a family of viruses called the retro viruses. Retro viruses contain a genetic material called ribonucleic acid (RNA).

There is always the possibility that RNA will be transcribed into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) by an enzyme of ...

Genetically altered foods are foods that are obtained or derived from genetically modified organisms. These genetically modified organisms are organisms in which their genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a manner which does not occur in the natural realm. The genetic modification usually takes place by the introduction of genes from a dissimilar organism. Presently, the genetically altered foods that are available stem mainly from plants. However, with advanced research on DNA, in the future foods that are derived from genetically modified microorganisms or animals are expected to be launched in the market.

Genetically altered foods have become popular and ...

[Subject/Course]
[Submission Date]

The term genetically-modified food is used for all the products that are “produced from organisms where their genetic structure has been adjusted or altered from that which would occur naturally” (“Genetically Modified Food”). In other words, genetically-modified food refers to the crop plants that are manufactured (to be consumed by animals or human beings) by employing the most up-to-date techniques of molecular biology. In the contemporary society, the introduction of the GMOs' cultivation and their circulation all over the world has turned out as a debatable topic in many countries. This controversy regarding the farming and ...

Introduction

Genetics is an evolving field in modern day science that has been drawing attention and funding in abundance. Various healthcare professionals have varying degrees of knowledge on modern day genetics and its applications. Nurses are also required to possess knowledge on genetics, as well as a good practice on ethics pertaining to genetics. However it is still not an area where everybody is comfortable to handle (American Nurses Association, 2001). Since the completion of genome project in 2003, there is a great interest towards the applications of genetic engineering technology in healthcare. Genetic screening for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, various ...

The beekeeping industry is a very critical sector in US economy. Apart from generating income to both farmers and state, bees are directly involved in crop pollination. Consequently, the problem of declining bee population should not be taken lightly because it has great impacts on economy and livelihood of many farmers. The US Department of Agriculture cites the bee breeding practices as one of the factors responsible for diminishing population of bees. The breeders have depended on a small number of queen mother bees that do not produce saleable queens with desirable traits. To this end, USD has recommended research, development ...

(Name of Student)

“One person’s abnormality is another person’s life.”-Alice Dreger

The extent to which one person’s abnormality is another person’s life is relative to the scope of anatomical normality or abnormality. Genetic abnormalities that relate to gender, otherwise known as anatomical sexual variation, are part of human intersexuality. Intersex is defined as the anatomical variation from the standard male or female gender, and is a pathological variable that require medical treatment. This means that an intersex child has the sexual anatomy of both genders.
Intersex genitals may therefore be a sign of an underlying medical condition, but they are not a medical problem. The notion that ...

Article Reflection

Article Reflection

Introduction

Placids can be defined as the endosymbiotic organelles, which substantially rely on the cell of their hosts to survive. Even so, placids are reported to have shown so much diversity in different situations. Therefore, ways through which differences emerge has been addressed. Some of the aspects that contribute to these differences are such as the difference in the lineages from which plastids originated. This is evident given that there are primary and secondary lineages from which the plastids can stem from. Additionally, the cause for the small size of the plastids has been established.
Plastids are ...

Biomedical engineering can be described as the application of engineering techniques and principles to medicine. It is a combination of expertise in medicine, human biology and engineering in the development of techniques and technologies for patient care and healthcare. According to Monzon (277), biomedical engineering is yet to be formally recognized as a profession due to its multi and interdisciplinary nature. As a result, currently there is no distinct field that addresses biomedical engineering ethics. The ethical obligations of biomedical engineers are a combination of both those of medical professionals and engineers. By studying three fields of biomedical engineering, one is able to ...

Part B.

1`. If two flowers, a white and a red flower produce a pink offspring, this is known as co-dominance.
2. If two peas, a yellow one and a green one produce green offspring only then the green color is dominance.
3. The yellow color is recessive.
4. If one trait in a given cross does not mask the other and both the two traits are displayed the condition is called incomplete dominance.
5. Genetic trait of Thumb H, h.

The probability of Hitchhike phenotype is ¾ while that of nonhitch phenotype is 1/4

6. Two different individual one of tongue roller while the other one is no roller.

Let the mother be roller hence the genotypes are Tt while the father be a non-roller tt.

Offsprings’ genotype Tt, Tt, tt,tt. Roller ...

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent designs a plan to ...

World hunger is an issue of increasing importance with today’s growing population. One question that has weighed heavily on the minds of agriculturalists, scientists, and public officials is how to feed all of these people. Many people starve to death every day all over the world. Some regions, like many in Africa, experience starvation as an everyday part of life. In an effort to remedy this issue, scientists began producing GMOs, or genetically modified organisms. Otherwise known, as super crops, GMOs were engineered specifically to help with the world’s hunger crisis. While there are many alleged benefits ...

Shifting Towards a Post-Racial Society in America

John H. McWhorter, a journalist for the Los Angeles Times, makes a compelling argument that America is moving towards a pos-racial society in that the names that society has placed on different ethnic groups are no longer relevant. McWhorter argues that the term “African American” is no longer a sensible term for those who have descended from slaves, given the rise in recent African immigrants who have much closer ties to their African culture. McWhorter instead argues that the term “Black” should be used to describe those whose culture has been impacted by slavery. While McWhorter suggests that racial labels will still be ...

Introduction

It is very common to hear of the term “risk factor” in epidemiology as well as in criminal behavior studies. In general, sense, a risk factor is a term used to refer to a variable that is associated with an alleviated risk of infection, disease or disorder. The number of identified diseases, disorders and infections are very large and consequently; the number of risk factors that increase the susceptibility to them is large. Each disease, infection or disorder has its own set of risk factors. However, some risks factors that have been found apply in all three aspects mentioned above. This paper ...

Introduction

The term “risk factor” is very common in epidemiology. In general sense, it refers to a particular variable that is associated with an elevated risk of infection or disease. Since the number of diseases in the world is very large, the number of risk factors is also every large. The risk factors however vary from one disease or infection to another. However, there are a number of risk factors that are very common and play a significant role in many infections. One of these factors is molecular genetics. As the name suggest, molecular genetics is a genre that mainly deals with the functions ...

The Biological Basis

The term Genetic Modification (GM) refers to the techniques by which the genetic composition of a plant is manipulated by adding specific genes to it. Every plant contains genes, which are DNA sequences containing information that determine its specific characteristics or traits. The genes are “inheritance units” that provide instructions for the development and functionality of the plant’s next generation. Crop plants modified through this process are called GM or genetically engineered crops, or transgenic crops (“Process of Developing Genetically Modified (GM) Crops.”, n.d.). The principal steps in the process are:
- The wanted gene is isolated; e.g. ...

Coevolution refers to the process through which two or more diverse species jointly or reciprocally affects each other’s evolution as well as development. It can also be defined as the change in the genetic composition of species in a reaction to the genetic modification in another species. The idea of coevolution is mainly considered as the reciprocal evolutionary change or modification of the interacting species. For instance, species C evolves, which results species D to evolve, which effects species C to evolve, then causes species D to evolve and the process repeats itself in that sequence. Many commentators usually ...

Introduction

Modifying the genetic make-up of food is a concept which has been around for centuries. Farmers have successfully improved food supply through cross-breeding different plant and animal varieties to develop organisms that yield more, taste better and tolerate harsh conditions. In modern times, this has not always been welcome. The Pure Food Campaign (PFC) was established in 1992 as a coalition of restaurateurs, farmers, animal welfare, environmental and consumer groups opposed to genetic engineered food. Around the same time, the U.S. Agriculture Department stated that it would not regulate production and shipping of Flavr Savr, which is a genetically engineered tomato from ...

Biology

A recent pesticide study by renowned controversial French biologist Gilles-Eric Seralini has sparked a lot of debate on the effects of Genetically Modified Foods. In his report, that was published in the BioMed Research international Seralini clearly explains how pesticides ultimately kill cultured human cells. He creates more controversy when he concludes his article by claiming that pesticides have more toxic substances than the regulatory authorities assume. Nonetheless, some of the scientists appear to brush off Seralini’s arguments saying that they are neither surprising nor significant. In contrast, many environmentalist groups have started pushing for changes in how pesticides ...

Genetic modification, as the name suggests, is a biotechnological process by which the genetic material in an organism such as plants is altered in a manner that does not take place in the nature or via nature-influenced recombination. Such organisms which are called as the Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs find immense practical applications in the modern times. They are used extensively for carrying out medical and biological scientific work, are used to manufacture new pharmaceutical medications and importantly, are used in agriculture to produce good quality crops. The reason why genetic modification has gained prominence in agriculture is because it ...

At present, the consensus view among social scientists reflects the idea that human races are socio-cultural constructions, but the persistence of the notion of a biological reality behind “race” is undoubtedly enduring both in popular culture and among scientists. Garner (2009) offers a sufficiently elaborate explanation for the misconception of race as a biological and genetic reality. A closer look at the socio-cultural reality behind “race” will reveal not only socio-political narratives that systematically re-inscribe racial categorization, but also the commercial and technological themes behind the socio-cultural concept of “race”.
Garner (2009, pp. 1-5) emphasizes the reality that the lines between ...

There are more than 5000 genetic disorders up to date. These genetic disorders are most evident at birth or during the onset of early childhood. This results to admission in different programs in rehabilitation centers, school programs in order to help the victims affected by such conditions. These disorders can primarily affect the body system, muscles and the respiratory system.
One such disorder is the Rett syndrome. Rett Syndrome is a phenotypically distinct progressive X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females (Volkmar et al, 2007). There are different types of Rett syndrome. These include the classical Rett syndrome, provisional ...

Discuss the relationship between the cognitive and the biological features of Alzheimer's disease

In order to know the relationship between the cognitive and the biological features of Alzheimer’s disease, it is very important to know the definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer is defined as the developed form of dementia that usually begins at the age of 40 years onwards. It usually begins when a person has problems speaking and remembering things and eventually the patients becomes very helpless and dies (Jon et al., 2013). According to its history, in 1906 the first person to talk about this disease was Alois Alzheimer. Following his discovery, the disease was later named after him ( ...

Human behavior is influenced by both their environment that encompasses the socialization aspect, and their genetic composition. From a scientific perspective in genetics, the genes of a person capture most evolutionary responses of previous populations to specific selection on their behaviors (Breed, 16). The environment, through socialization, gives a person the chance to adjust to ongoing changes in his or her own lifetime. If human behavior is solely determined by genes, an individual might be trapped in drug addiction, violent behavior and bad parenting. Most of the cultures harbor the belief of self-determination, ability to make choices and free will (Breed, 18). ...

Exam #1 (50 points)

1a ) Natural selection is the process by which adaptive traits of species increases through generations. In Cadotte’s research, he had several combinations of the 17 kinds of plots and he found out that those which had the most variation, survived the most. These were the plants with the most distance from each other. The adaptive traits of these plants were inherited by its offspring. Since the plants with traits that survived the most produced more offspring then these were the ones that flourished the most. The reason, Codette explained was that these plants had different needs therefore they ...

Genetics research is a field in science and medicine that has not been fully demystified. People lack knowledge of the implications of information received from genetic research. Various ethical concerns characterize ethical research, which vary from social to financial issues. Researchers engaged in studies that involve persons should be cautious of their actions since engaging in unethical procedure may result to detrimental consequences to both the researcher and participant (Sensen, 2005). In the social aspect, a person may be stigmatized due to results obtained from genetics research. These are the challenges that hinder people from having genetics tests performed as they ...

The cow became one of the idols in Africa. Africans generally learned to appreciate and adore the cow. The Dinka, in a show of their love for the cow, have designed four hundred different names used to refer to the cow. The Maasai of Kenya are exceptions to idolizing the cow and their love for the cow. This has led them to believing that the cow was given to them by the gods, and on that basis they are true and dear to the cow. It is considered to them a blessing to herd and keep more herds of cattle as ...

Cardiovascular Disorders

[Institution’s Name]

Cardiovascular disorders

Cardiovascular disorders are reported to be the leading cause of death. There are numerous grounds of the disorders that are directly related to the environmental and genetic factors of the patients. Each factor has the potential to influence the pathophysiology of patients in a parent that can instigate cardiovascular disorder. The most common observed is atherosclerosis is one such arterial disease that is believed to be directly concerned with the genetics. A number of studies have revealed the interconnection of the genetic factors with the source of the disease. In recent years, the investigation over the spectrum ...

Respiratory alterations occur due to viral infections or invasion of the respiratory system by a foreign substance. The two factors lead to symptomatic coughs that differ depending on the type of infection or invading substance. In our scenario, a 6-year old boy, Kevin, is brought to the doctor for evaluation following a persistent deep cough that has lasted for one week. Before developing the condition one week prior to visiting the doctor, Kevin did not show any health problem. The parents say that the cough is deep and sounds as though Kevin is barking. In addition, Kevin’s cough is so severe ...

With reference to Biological studies, homology is the presence of shared pedigree between living organisms in terms of evolution. The homology might be in terms of genetical constitution, or physical constitution, to name a few. Here, I have described the evolutionary homology between various phyla supporting the description with a phylogenetic tree.

Genetic code is the combination of DNA and RNA sequences that constitute the amino acid sequences used in the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is the biochemical basis of heredity and generally, protein coding amino acids is very similar in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The principle differences occur ...

Genetic engineering and sustainable production of ornamentals: current status and future directions

It is evident that in the recent times technological advancement has led to the growth of various sectors of the economy including the area of scientific research and development. Owing to the rapidly growing population, researchers and scholars have sat down to come up with remedies so as to curb the looming problem food insecurity across the globe and through the last decades, health-friendly farm produces have been engineered after a series of laboratory experiments and this effort has yielded fruits through the production of certified, food production (Lütken, et al. 1141). This has been set forth to meet ...

Introduction

The study explored the homological characteristics of 22 species. The organisms were human, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, white-handed gibbon, macaque (Cercopithecine monkey), horse, bison, cat, dog, bird, bat, frog, rattlesnake, alligator, fish, whale, wolf, pig, bacteria, and cow. The species were categorized as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, or amphibians. However, humans and apes were further classified as primates. Moreover, the research sought to determine whether the species share characteristics that link them to a common ancestor. The research hypothesis was that if the evolutionary path of the 22 organisms were traced, then a common ancestor would be observed.

Universal Genetic Code

The ...

Introduction

Understanding the ways of predicting the chances of inheriting certain genetic traits makes up the value under the study of genetics. Such ability has enabled development of varieties of animals and plants that have most of the qualities that are a desirable prediction of inheritance patterns in family lineage. One of the methods that are used in determining the mathematical probability that a given trait would be inherited is the Punnett square. The Punnett square is a simple graphical method that is used to discover all the combinations of a given genotypes that can be passed to children in cases where parent genotypes ...

The Earth is home to an innumerable amount of plant and animal species, with any estimate ranging from 2 to 50 million being as good a guess as any. 950,000 kinds exist within the insect class alone, while annual naturalistic publications are often able to showcase up to 10,000 newly discovered species. This incredible genetic diversity is preserved by unique natural phenomena known as isolation mechanisms to prevent accidental matchups between different species. But how did so many different types of plants and animals develop in the first place? What was the driving force behind our planet’s ...

Rheumatoid Arthritis, which is the most common type of chronic inflammatory arthritis, can affect any organ system. What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis is still unknown. Genetic susceptibility combined with an external trigger, such as infection, smoking, and trauma, is theorized to cause the disease expression. It is believed that these external triggers cause an autoimmune reaction, resulting in chronic joint inflammation and synovial hypertrophy along with other manifestations (Hammer and McPhee, 2014). It has been observed that the patients of Rheumatoid Arthritis have higher levels of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody titers and virus-infected B cells than the general people. ...

Q.1

Early Development in Children: The Case of My Classmate

According to Freud, the father of modern psychology people develop their personalities during the earliest stages of life, and they tend to instate and reinstate their personal developments in the later phases of their existence because the humans do not have the ability to change their behavioral identities in the mature stages of their lives. There are two major sorts of mental disorders that are quite prevalent in juniors. The children either suffer from internalizing or externalizing phenomena. The former ones include depressive and anxious thoughts and emotions. The attitudes influenced by depression translate into suicidal behaviors, and ...

The world is constantly developing and growing. Similarly, the population of the world is increasing day by day. The elevation in population correspondingly increases the demand of resources and requirements needed by the people. Consequently, a scarcity in resources is observed due to this increase in population. The people eventually are left undernourished and suffer from malnutrition as the particular deficiency among the resources is found in the provision of adequate food to the people. Evidently, FAO 2014 has reported the number of people which is approximately 805 million who have been facing the insufficient food supply. Subsequently, the shortage ...

Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease are two of the most prevalent types of immune disorders. Being diseases of the immune system, both diseases have similarities and, of course, striking differences. Reviewing both of their pathophysiology, incidences of occurrence and maladaptive responses may help us understand how these two immune disorders manifest their symptoms and affect the human body.
Psoriasis is considered as the most prevalent autoimmune disorder, particularly the psoriasis vulgaris type (Krueger and Bowcock, 2005). Additionally, the prevalence of psoriasis considerably varies worldwide (Langley, Krueger, and Griffiths, 2005). In USA, an estimated 2% of the population is ...

#1. Observations
Human beings are morphologically diverse. Compared to other primates, human beings show less variation. We differ considerably in our external appearances (eye color, hair color, skin color, hair texture, skin texture, blood group types- A,B, AB and O, height, build, facial features, etc) and our physiology. However despite all these variations, the genome of each and every human being is 99 percent identical (Lai CQ, 2010). It is also interesting to note that humans and chimpanzees share 98 percent of the genome. The study of these genetic variations is very important to geneticists. The allelic ...

Description

Cloning is the production of genetically identical plants or animals either a whole or in parts. Therapeutic cloning otherwise known as research cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves replacement of an embryo DNA with the DNA from a cell removed from an individual, in other words, a somatic cell is fused with an enucleated ovum. The resultant embryo would be allowed to grow for two weeks to form a blastocyst. Then, the stem cells from its inner cell mass would be extracted to grow into a piece of human tissue or a complete human organ ready for transplant. Its DNA is the same as ...

Abstract

Food is a necessity because it is essential to human beings’ survival. For this reason, food production is a crucial function in modern life because processes and initiatives determine the quantity and quality of food produced and distributed to consumers. Food production, however, is not an easy process. In some cases, food consumed by people not only cause illnesses or various diseases but also lead to death. As a result, producers around the world adopted various measures to ascertain the quality of food and the health and safety of consumers.
Solving food safety is a variable process primarily because issues that threaten ...

Many people hold the notion that race is a way of creating divisions among people. This form of racial construction is based on the assumption that there are differences between different groups of human beings identifiable by their physical features. But to some degree, this does not encompass a biological or genetic; race is limited to some constructed ideologies that are bases for political, cultural and economic concepts. It can never be a biological or genetic concept because there are no concrete facts that back the biological theory. Going by previous research and theories, all human beings subscribe to a common ancestry, and ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

Genes are contained in an organelle referred to as mitochondria. This organelle is responsible for providing the body with the energy needed to run all the cellular activities. Mitochondria contain their own genome that is specific to a particular organism. This is essentially distinct from the nuclear genome that is obtained from both the father and mother and is harbored in the nucleus; as the mitochondrion genes are inherited exclusively from the mother. mtDNA occur in numerous numbers in the cell owing to their small size and they do not undergo recombination. They are the genetic markers that have been ...

Beta thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder triggered by the absence or reduced production of hemoglobin. It is regarded as a genetic or hereditary insufficiency in the permutation of beta globin chains (Galanello and Origa). A newly born child needs two globin genes from each of the parents to generate beta globin chains. If one or two of these genetic factors or materials are deficient, it will form into the beta thalassemia disease. Moreover, beta thalassemia also hinges on how many genes are transmuted. Beta thalassemia minor is produced if only one of the globin genes is mutated. If both ...

Genetic Research

Features genetics homosexuals have been studied little. Scientists are searching for the gene or genes of homosexuality since the 1980s. As in many other studies, trying to distinguish the symptoms of congenital acquired an important material has been obtained from the analysis and relatives, especially identical twins. It has been shown frequent presence of homosexual men several older brothers, and of manifestations of homosexuality in both identical twins, even in cases where they were brought up separately.
According to the research, if identical twins homosexual men, the chances are that he will be inclined to homosexuality, is 52%; ...

Introduction

Evolution is the change animals and species undergo over time to adapt to certain environmental changes and eventually produce multiple descendent species. Evolution and natural selection are often taken as complimentary to each other. However, evolution, by definition, is a historical process of change, while natural selection is merely a mechanism that results in this change. Advances in technology and biology has thrown light on several causes and consequences of evolution. Some of the deepest understandings of evolution come from understanding fossils and examining phylogeny and from the study of natural selection. Evidences suggest that when natural selection is strong, the rate ...

The TED speech “Human nature and the blank slate” by Steven Pinker is based on the ideas developed in his book “The Blank Slate” where he declines the popular idea of human mind being a blank slate at birth.
There are reasons to doubt that human mind is a blank slate. Many of them are based on common sense, as for example, it is obvious that children are born with some certain temperament and talents. Others are proved by scientific studies, such as human universals study in anthropology, that defines set of emotions, behaviors, and worldviews similar to all 6000 ...

Evolution of Sexual Reproduction

There are different forms of reproduction, which includes vegetative, asexual, sexual reproductions. Naturally, the question arises, what are the benefits of sexual reproduction in terms of fitness of a species, and how does it compare to other forms of reproduction? Logically, females reproducing asexually are more likely to have twice as many grandchildren and can increase their fitness two folds(Hurst and Peck). On the other hand, by reproducing sexually, both sexes have to invest copious amounts of time in selecting mates, making nests, bringing up offspring etc. In this paper we will try to understand the benefits and disadvantages ...

Genetic Correlates and Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism: An Overview of salient aspects

Introduction
Disturbances in thyroid haemostasis can occur at the level of the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland itself or in the periphery. By definition, hyperthyroidism refers to disorders in which the principal abnormality is the overproduction of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. (Elston & Conaglen, 2005) This overproduction can have diverse determinants including auto-immunity, hereditary factors, familial predisposition, and perhaps, some other less understood factors. Regardless of etiology, the result is an increase in transcription in cellular proteins, causing an increase in the basal metabolic rate. The predominant cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave’s disease. Other less common ...

- Explanations
- Food miles and 100-mile diet
A 100-mile diet refers to a diet that consists of foods raised and grown within 100 miles of a dinner table (Tancock). Usually, food travels some 1,500 miles before reaching the dinner table in North America (Tancock). The traveling miles are called “food miles” and affect the environment, quality of food and farming practices. Food miles increase carbon emissions through the numerous planes, boats, and trucks involved in the transport of food materials. In addition, food miles promote unsafe agricultural practices because the consumers are unlikely to visit the farms ...

History/background of DNA research

Gregor Mendel was the first scientist to do genetic research in 1857 where he conducted research with plants. He grew many pea plants for the duration of eight years, but unfortunately he died before completing his research. Later Friedrich Miescher and Altmann Richard discovered Nuclein in 1869. Miescher isolated a pure sample of DNA from salmon’s sperm, which was named nucleic acid in 1889 by Altmann. Interestingly, Fredrick Griffith discovered the basis of DNA as the molecule of inheritance. HUMAN Genome Initiative started in 1988 and continued to date. DNA consists of three elements, four components Adenine (A), Cytosine ( ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

Cause and effect of cancer

For a common individual cancer is the deathly disease, for which a treatment process that would completely finish it has not yet been found! We fear it as we fear death, because at the end of the day that is what it does to us. It slowly decays our body to the extent that there is nothing left inside us.
Cancer refers to a non-communicable disease characterized by uninhibited multiplication of abnormal cells in any part of the body. It is these abnormal cells which, are called cancerous, malignant or tumor cells (medicinenet.com).
Types of cancers are further identified by ...