Hydrogen College Essays Samples For Students

The compound C12H10Cl3N3O8Ru2 is made up of various elements. These elements include carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen and ruthenium. One of the features of the compound is that it has a formula weight of 632.72grams/ mole. This is the weight obtained by summing the atomic masses of the elements that make up the compound. This mass means that from every one mole of the compound, the total weight is about 632.72 grams. It can be observed that the mineral is heavy as compared to other compounds of the same nature.

The compound is joined together by covalent bonds. At room ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

Aim of the experiment

Apparatus
Spectrometer, sodium vapor lamp, mercury vapor lamp, watch maker eye glass and small flash lights.
Abstract
This is the phenomenon where atoms are excited and emit light of various wavelengths. These lines which are colored with dark fringes between them are known as atomic spectra. All elements have distinct set of spectral lines. It is this unique spectrum associated with certain distinct element. The atomic spectra of various elements of investigation will be studied in this experiment using a diffraction grating mounted on a spectrometer. The atomic transitions of various elements under investigation will be used to ...

Abstract - The development of fuel consumption mechanisms has been a great revolution of the time. There is research that is being developed to ensure that the fuel consumption is efficient and cost-effective. There are different technologies that are being developed to ensure that this is achieved. One of these technologies for the motorcycle is hydrogen cells. This paper will look at the development of this technologies will also review other fuel consumption technologies that have been developed over time.

Index terms – hydrogen, fuel cell, hybrid electric.

- INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen cell technology has been developed so that it is used with the motorcycles. It is a technology ...

Hydrochloric acid is a clear, pungent solution of hydrogen chloride that has been mixed with water. It is also commonly known as muriatic acid. It is a highly corrosive acid with many industrial uses and can cause burns when it comes to skin contact.
It is a highly concentrated acid with a high pH value and thus maximum care must be taken when dealing with it. It can easily cause burns to the skins and eyes if not properly handled. It is, therefore, important to use protective material such as gloves and eye glasses when handling it. Wearing of a lab coat also ...

Stars begin their lives from molecular clouds or nebula of gases and dust. These gases and dusts exert forces to each other that make them want to move farther away from each other while at the same time there is gravity that attracts them together into a small space within the nebula. The chemistry which starts the star’s life begins when gravity starts winning in the war between the two aforementioned opposing forces. As gravity pulls the dust and clouds together it begins to accumulate mass and a swirling motion typical to a spinning disc. At its center are dusts (NH3, ...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the ...

Introduction

As a multi-functional protein, Cytoplasmic Actin can be found in all eukaryotic cells at higher concentration levels of over 100 μM. It is the most abundant protein found in most eukaryotic cells, which makes it a critical player in different cellular functions, such as maintaining cell shape and polarity to transcription regulation. The structure of Cytoplasmic Actin is distinguished by a large number of polymorphic proteins which form the filaments. In eukaryotic organisms, such as archaea and eubacteria, actin-like proteins activities are related to sub-cellular organization, motility, cell shape maintenance and cell cycle progression; they are either associated to cell membrane or ...

1- The chapter opens with these words: “ Neeru, shouei, maima, aqua. In any language, water is the most abundant compound on the surface of the Earth.”
- Explain the term compound and also why water is not an element.
Answer: Compound is a chemical entity made from combination of two or more different elements. These elements lose their individual identities when they combine to form a compound and possess unique properties subjected to that compound. Water is made from two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen individually are elements but when combined in the ...

(Check the 7_Main_Sequence)
- What is a main sequence star?

Answer: Stars that combines hydrogen into helium in their cores are called main sequence stars

- What are the different types of main sequence stars and what distinguishes them (size, colour, lifetime, luminosity)?
Answer: The Upper main sequence stars (Stars above 1.5 the mass of the sun) and the Lower main sequence stars (Stars below 1.5 the mass of the sun). The distinguishing features of these types of stars are mass, temperature, brightness and elemental composition.
- What is an HR Diagram and what does it reveal to astronomers?
Answer: HR Diagram is a scatter graph showing the relationship between a star ...

Chapter 9 and Chapter 11 Narrations

Chapter 9: Acids and Bases
Acids are defined as molecules or ions that are able to donate hydrogen ions to bases. Other authors have defined them as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are therefore proton donors (Brent 10-11). Acids and bases have become important components in biological and environmental systems and industrial processes. In fact, most of items found at home contain either acidic or basic substances. Acidic substances, which include grapefruit, lemons, vinegar and lime, taste tart or sour (Lew 1). Acids can be either diluted or concentrated. Concentrated acids such ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action
An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation
Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2
Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2
In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

Food manufacturers often use hydrogenated fats as functional ingredients to improve the shelf-life of food materials. The chemical process through which hydrogenated fats are produced is termed as fat hydrogenation. Essentially, this process involves addition of hydrogen atoms to a double bond existing between carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain, which turns unsaturated fats into saturated ones (Leigh).
During fat hydrogenation, hydrogen gas is forced into unsaturated fats such as oils at a very high temperature (250 to 400oC) and pressure in the presence of a metal catalyst such as nickel, copper, zinc or platinum. The high temperature allows for the ...

Blue supergiant stars are staller evolutions that have resulted over millions of years. Stars during the main sequence phase spend a majority of their lives. During the main sequence stage, the star converts hydrogen to helium by nuclear fusion in the cores of stars the process also known as proton-proton chain. After spending of hydrogen fuel, the star will collapse and heat up rapidly causing the outer layers to expand inwards. When the core is very hot, the energy spreads through the interior of the star’s large surface area. The different fusion rates of different elements vary wildly to ...

Crude oil is liquid petroleum that is obtained from oil wells. It is basically a fossil fuel that is formed under certain environmental conditions via a process that takes as long as millions of years. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons i.e. molecules that comprise of long chains or rings of hydrogen and carbon and contains approximately 84-87% carbon and 11-13% hydrogen. Crude oil also contains other molecules such as sulfur, oxygen, helium and nitrogen in varying amounts (Sosnowska 1).
Crude oil can be classified as ‘light’ or ‘heavy’ depending on its relative density. It can also be categorized ...

After a long journey from the hot sun, I was really glad to have reached such a calm and beautiful place full of trees. And so I settle on leaf, lay along the leaf and begin my rest – the best feeling I’d had in a long time. All of a sudden, I was captured by the leaf and transported through this thick transparent cuticle, then across the epidermis before we got to the palisade mesoderm. There, I was moved to these green pigment (chlorophyll) on the surface of the chloroplasts. The chlorophyll ushered me into the chloroplast. In the chloroplast, I was ...

Dessler, A. J., D. E. Overs, and W. H. Appleby. “The Hindenburg Fire: Hydrogen or Incendiary Paint?” Buoyant Flight 52.2-3 (2005): 1-11. Electronic.
This article points out problems with Addison Bain’s theory about the Hindenburg fire, which claims that the paint on the ship’s outer material was the point of ignition and the primary mover of the fire and is referred to in the article as the “incendiary-paint theory.” This theory holds that early in the fire, the fire did not look as though it was a hydrogen fire. The article’s authors determine that both ...

Introduction

The activities that take place in a living organism are mainly controlled through the use of enzymes. Enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and functions as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a given reaction. An enzyme as a protein molecule has three main characteristics. First, an enzyme has its basic function is as to increase the reaction rate and this makes most of the cellular reactions occur more than million times that they would have if the enzyme was absent. Second, almost all enzymes act in a specific manner with only one substrate in order to produce the ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet (Arthurs &Sudhakar 2005). Carbon dioxide is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly regulated. This paper aims at discussing the production and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells through ...

Introduction:

Carbon dioxide is generated through cell metabolism that takes place in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide amount that is produced is dependent on the metabolism rate as well as on the relative carbohydrate, protein and fat amount being metabolized. The amount of carbon dioxide produced at rest is usually about 200 ml per minute eating a mixed diet. This results in the utilization of about 80% of oxygen and gives respiratory quotient of 0.8 (Arthurs & Sudhakar 2005, p. 207). Carbon is one of the main products that are released following metabolism and the level of it in the body is highly ...

Acids trace a history back to the years of when tasting was the main mode of classification of substances. This traces back to the ancient Greeks whereby a name of sour-tasting substances was developed from Latin. Among the very many substances tested, a very sour tasting substance, which was vinegar, was found to portray certain characteristics (Porter, 1992.). This later develop to the name ‘acid’ which up to date is used to mean substances which have sour tastes and are slippery and corrosive. In some simple experiments, the 17th century scientists were able to learn that acids were corrosive mostly to certain ...

Compare and Contrast Analysis

The useful features of coal have been discovered by ancient people. However, it is widely used in the modern world. Furthermore, its manufacturing and products from coal are important part of economy strength worldwide. Since the time of ancient Greece and Rome coal did not only lose its significance but it had been increased because many new methods and technologies of coal application have been discovered.

One of the methods of coal processing is combustion. Since antiquity it have been used to produce heat and later electricity. Nowadays, the combustion process is most widely used on the coal of ...

Assignment 2 (Modules 4-6)

Background information:
The diagram below shows the activation of mTORC1 by growth factors as already encountered in workshop 5. The activity of mTORC1 is mainly controlled by the tuberous sclerosis complex, which consists of a heterodimer of tuberin (TSC2) and hamartin (TSC1). The known function of hamartin is to stabilise tuberin. Tuberin has GAP (GTPase activating activity) towards the G-protein Rheb. Rheb is active in its GTP-bound form and activates the mTOR kinase resulting in phosphorylation of S6Kinase (S6K) and consequently ribosomal protein S6, as well as 4EBP-1, resulting in protein synthesis and cell growth. Growth factor signalling results ...

Homeostasis is the propensity of an organism/a cell to direct its internal situation, typically by a system of reaction controls, for the health and functioning to be stablelized, despite the outside altering conditions. The capability of the body /a cell is to look for and uphold the state of stability inside its internal environment while it’s dealing with the outside changes. Homeostasis takes place when the body regulates its temperature so as to try maintaining an inner temperature.eg in hot days we sweat to cool off, also we shiver to generate heat in the cold season. Homeostasis use hormones to ...

Prof:

Differences and similarities in the structure of salmonella enterica and lactococcus lactis.
The structural makeup of L.lactis makes it compatible with both aerobic and anaerobic reactions which makes it an important microbe for food production. It is a non-pathogenic bacterium with peptidoglycan component in their cell wall. They have cocci shape unlike salmonella enterica that is a rod shaped bacteria. The cocci of these bacteria come in pairs or short chains. The bacteria size is smaller than that of S. enterica. The size is 0.5-1.5 micrometer in length. The Lactococcus lactis is also non motile because of the absence of ...

Abstract

There are many factors that might have caused climate change to escalate into a much serious problem each country has to deal with in their own regions. Some point out that the greatest source of greenhouse gas emissions came from carbon-based and fossil-based fuels used mainly by vehicles, industries and even at small homes as a source for energy. Experts believe that there are other possible sources for fuel that can be used as an alternative to the commonly used fuel available today. This paper would discuss three of the most known alternative fuel sources and explain the benefits and disadvantages ...

Introduction

Cyanide is a faster acting and potentially poisonous chemical which may exist in different forms. For instance, it can be a colorless gas such as cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide or as a crystal form like potassium cyanide as well as sodium cyanide. It is naturally available in some food as well as specific plants like cassava. It is also available in the cigarette smoke and when combusting certain synthetic materials like plastics. Furthermore, cyanide is present during the manufacturing of papers, plastics as well as textiles. For example, industry within the US does manufacture about 350,000 tons of ...

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The Sun has been with us for 4 billion years, and is the nearest star to the Earth. The Sun is comprised of about 74% of hydrogen, 25% of helium, and 1% of other elements. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5800 K. The core of the Sun has a temperature ranging from 10 – 15 million Kelvin. This temperature range is high enough to activate nuclear fusion within the Sun. Here, four protons will fuse together to obtain a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons via a proton-proton chain. The core of the ...

Introduction

In the adsorption-membrane hybrid system for ethanol steam reforming: Thermodynamics analysis by Dang, Amornchai, Yaneeporn, and Suttichai, (2011, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy), the authors seek to explain how an adsorption-membrane hybrid system, which uses a carbon (IV) oxide as an adsorbent can be used to eliminate unwanted carbon (IV) oxide in the hydrogen separation process. The authors aimed at improving the ethanol steam reforming performance through comparison of thermodynamic analysis that comprised of adsorptive, as well as membrane reactor. Then the authors were able to find that membrane separation process for the hydrogen removal had a higher impact ...

Various stakeholders have a different interest concerning the electric vehicles. Ideally, this can be due to the uniqueness the technological design has adopted. The essence of having hydrogen fuel cell is the need to salvage the environment from harmful emissions. The various stakeholders were particularly interested in the outcome of the usage.
Notably, the key stakeholder is the environmental activists lobby groups. The projection depicted by the outcome is environmentally friendly. The NGO push for such devices to be used in the current world. Ideally, global warming has been the major catastrophes that the environmentalist desire to resolve. The ...

Report: Low Carbon Transport Systems

Summary
Research sources selected for this paper include three strategy / policy approaches to achieving a low carbon transportation system. “Towards low carbon transport in Europe” describes the European Union (EU) policies and plans they have set in place to achieve the desired CO2 emission reductions. “Low Carbon Transport: A Greener Future” is the UK’s strategy document. The United Kingdom, as a member country of the EU thus shares some of its plans and targets. A more locally-based research source is “Birmingham Low Carbon Transport Strategy 2011+” – a low carbon transportation system strategy from the perspective of an English city ...

Abstract

Carbon capture is an essential approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Different plants utilize various technologies in reducing carbon dioxide emission. Some of the conventional techniques employed include oxy-fuel, pre, and post-combustion carbon capture. These approaches have a high potential for capturing carbon dioxide. However, their massive initial and implementation costs have been a challenge to plants globally. Additionally, most of them are yet to experience large scale applications. Therefore, it is essential for research and development activities to be conducted. This can ensure a reduction in the cost of production. The carbon capture technologies differ in costs. This ...

There are various ions that are responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a substance. The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are both responsible for the acidic and basic nature of substance respectively. A neutral substance contains equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) as well as hydroxide ions (OH-) An acid is substance that dissolve and donate hydrogen ions leading to more number of hydrogen ions in a solution. A substance that dissolves water and release hydroxide ions is considered a base. A base has more number of hydroxide ions as compared to hydrogen ions hence basic.
Alkalinity ( ...

A fuel cell is a device that provides electrical energy. The cell is used to extract chemical energy from hydrogen gas and convert it to electrical energy. The fuel cell has two electrical terminals, an anode and a cathode, which supply electrical energy to an external electrical load. Inside the cell, hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water with the release of electrical energy. The hydrogen molecules are ionized to release electrons that travel through an external circuit thereby setting up an electrical current. The hydrogen ions are then reduced to water by reacting them with oxygen. A ...

English astronomer W. Herschel discovered planetary nebulae in about 1783. Nebulae received the name "planetary" on account of their external similarity with the images of distant planets, light wheels of which are different from the point images of the stars. “A planetary nebula is a beautiful object created during the final stages of the life of a star whose birth mass was between 1 and 8 solar masses” (“Planetary Nebulae”). A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of an ionized gas shell and the central star, a white dwarf.
All planetary nebulae originate from stars that are in ...

Electric vehicles (EV) are receiving a great interest as an alternative to conventional transportation on oil with the purpose to decrease noise, environmental pollution by reducing carbon emissions and to reduce dependence on oil (Lowry & Larminie, 2012). Moreover, using nuclear and alternative energy including renewable allows to produce zero release of carbon dioxide by vehicles. Currently, road vehicles just reached the stage when electric cars are produced in quantity but still not widely used. First, electric cars have significantly less range. Second, it takes much more time to recharge batteries (several hours for lead acid battery) than to put ...

Introduction

Coal is a very cheap and abundant provision of energ. In fact, it is the most abundant fuel in the United States; U.S. has the highest coal reserve in the world, with up to 25% of the known world coal present in America and being mined in 26 out of the U.S. 50 states (fe.doe.gov, 2013). However, this abundant energy is seldom used because it is a very dirty energy. According to Hong & Slatick (1994), up to 204.3 pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu is emitted when coal having 78% carbon content is completely burned to attain a ...

Binary acids form the second category of acids after oxy-acids. As opposed to oxy-acids, binary acids are only composed of two elements. The basic elements that form binary acids include hydrogen and a nonmetal compound. It is imperative to note that binary acids have two things in common; the fact that they both contain hydrogen atom and the presence of a nonmetal atom in their composition (Tro, 2015). A combination of a hydrogen atom and a nonmetal atom results in the formation of a binary acid. The concept is bets understood through examples. Some of the most common binary ...

Introduction

The conversion of gas into liquid fuels is an innovative technology that is well-known to many people. This technique is so promising and enhancing new options for environmentally friendly manufacturing of fuels and chemicals as well as other natural gases. Looking into the large natural gas and coal reserves and deteriorating petroleum reserves all over the world, it is anticipated to play an important role in the future. Cobalt-based chemical agents are the ideal catalysts for hydrogen synthesis since they have a high FTS functionality, discernment for long-chain paraffin as well as a low process for the water-gas change ...

Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorders and treatment options

Chronic Obstruction Disorder disease (COPD) is one the most prevalent cause of morbidity across the globe. It is a curable and partially reversible problem which is manifested by an obstruction in air flow and impaired health status. The patients who have frequent attacks of COPD have worst condition along with acute episodes of symptom exacerbation. The objective of the treatment is to avoid the symptoms through controlling it by including the lung functioning and health status. COPD is linked with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious gases or particles. Patients below the age of 35 are at ...

The Cold War was not only a period in American history where the United States was locked in a massive international rivalry and arms race with the Soviet Union but it was a time of fervent technological, strategic and political development. The United States during World War II had developed a massive new process for technical progress with an applied goal. That is to say, the Manhattan project which culminated with the building of the first ever Atomic bomb was a very important milestone. It showed that civilians and the military could work together for a common goal. While ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

An automotive engine is a propulsion system responsible for moving automobiles from one place to another. An engine converts energy from a fuel or a battery to the mechanical energy used to spin the wheels, thus setting a vehicle in motion. There are different types of engines used in the automotive industry today. These include internal combustion engines and electricity driven vehicles. The internal combustion engines burn fuels such as petrol, diesel, natural gas or propane. Electric engines are fitted with electromagnetic motors that are powered by electric currents from storage batteries on the vehicle. The sole purpose of ...

ABSTRACT

Carbon dioxide emission in the United States rose by 7% between 1990 and 2013. Scientists have continually raised concern over the implications of these increased levels of carbon dioxide. Evidently, such high emission levels pose a threat to the environment and life in general. The aim of the following essay is to: define weathering and identify the major classifications of weathering. The essay also clearly defines and illustrates the relationship that exists between carbon dioxide levels and the rate of chemical weathering. I will incisively discuss the combination of water and atmospheric carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid. This ...

Introduction

Polymerization could be considered to be perhaps the main chemical reaction associated with modern living. It is a reaction that is common in nature for the formation of “biopolymers” such as celluloses and proteins. It can also be thought of as the fundamental reaction type for the formation of DNA, making polymerization essential for life as it exists on this planet. In general terms, polymerization is a reaction process in which the molecules of an appropriate material, termed the 'monomer', become bonded together to form a much larger linear chain or a three-dimensional network. A polymer is thus a material that consists of very ...

MEM 695

Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to introduce the different types of energy resources utilized worldwide. This paper discusses the history of the different resources used, starting with the utilization of conventional fossil fuel based technologies, the emergence of nuclear power and finally, the commercialization of renewable energy resources. The main objective of this research paper is to provide an insight on how these energy sources are accessed, utilized, distributed and developed. The paper also seeks to impact of the utilization of these various energy resources on the environment, especially the effect of continued utilization of ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

Abstract

The study investigates different aspects of the Mirphak star. The Introductory section explains that the star occurs in the Perseus constellation and is the brightest star in the night sky above the Northern horizon. The paper has a section that describes the various names and myths linked to the star. Moreover, the paper traces a Greek’s mythical story that gave the constellation its name. Under the section on properties and position of the star, the study examines the changing coordinates of Mirphak. As a result, it outlines the star’s coordinates in J2000 and J1900. Other features examined include Mirphak’s ...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian blue ...

Introduction

The carbon atom is one of the most fascinating atoms in the world. This is because of the processes and transformations it can go through time from organism to organism. The journey that the carbon atom goes through from the atmosphere into the plant, then the animal and then out again into the atmosphere over and over through a myriad of processes is called the carbon cycle, and if one of the most important cycles in life as we know it. The carbon atom partaking in the life cycles by being part of the building blocks of both living and ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011).
...

Electricity and Magnetism in transport system.

The resultant energy from existing charged particles that are either static or in motion is called electricity and such energy can be used in homes, industries and in transport system. Whereas magnetism is a physical aspect that involves the electric charges, their motion and effect thus producing fields that repel and attract other objects (Kirkland, 2007). Electromagnetism plays an important role in our life and it is believed that it will change the future especially when it comes to transportation. Therefore electricity and magnetism can be considered to be inextricably linked in many cases; the essay will hence argue the ...

Publicity

This method of marketing aims at managing the perception of the public towards the new car model which is yet to be introduced and it is basically done by the publicists who positively influence people’s mind. The GM has successfully used this method to make people aware of the future car models in the market. For instance, the GM uses publicists to demonstrate on how the Hy-Wire is driven and its efficiency in terms of its usage. The publicists reported that the car uses hydrogen power to run as well as driven-by-wire systems and thus electronically controlled. In ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

With close to 2.8% of the earth’s crust consisting of sodium in compounds, Sodium is by no doubt one of the most abundant elements on earth. The element has an atomic mass of about 22.98 amu and belongs to period 3 Group 1 (1A) (between Lithium and potassium) hence has an atomic number of 11, a valance of 1 and an oxidation state of +1. The Latin name for the symbol of Sodium is Natrium hence the symbol Na while the “Sodium” in Latin is referred to as Sodanum. Additionally, even though the element has 14 isotopes, the only ...

Peroxisome is one of the membrane organelles of the eukaryotic cell. It is a small (about 0.2 – 1.5 micron) elliptic body bounded by a membrane. The core of the peroxisome is often made of the crystal-like structures. They located in the center of the organelle and are covered by granular matrix. Peroxisomes exist both in plant and animal cells; their amount varies between 70-100 organelles per cell. In humans and mammals the highest concentration of peroxisomes is found in liver and kidneys.
Detoxification is one of the main functions of this organelle. It contains the enzyme called catalase that ...

An acid is defined as a chemical substance that is capable of forming an aqueous solution with the ability to turn a blue litmus paper red, have a sour taste and form salts when it reacts with certain metals and bases. A substance will qualify to be an acid if it is capable of increasing the number of hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, or the capability of that substance to be deprotonated, act as a proton donor during reactions. A base is a substance that in aqueous solution feels slippery, has a bitter taste, and is capable of ...

Gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear forces. Gravitational force is an attraction between any two pieces of matter in the universe. Electromagnetic force is present in pieces of matter, which are able to carry electrical charge. Strong force is holding the nuclei of atoms together. Weak force is responsible for radioactive decay.
Molecules are built from the atoms and atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are built of smaller particles called quarks.
Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all the light in the universe. Depending on the wavelength and frequency there are radio, micro, infrared, ...

The Fukushima Daichi is a technological disaster triggered by natural calamities on March 11th, 2011, when a massive earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale hit Japan. The earthquake originated from Honshu Island, and it created a tsunami. Following the tremor, reactors one, two and three automatically shut down. Reactors 4, 5 and 6 had been previously shut down for maintenance and repairs. Due to felled power supply lines, the Fukushima Daichi reactor complex was cut off from the electricity grid. As the operating reactors had shut down, they could not generate power for them to cool down, and ...

Empirical formula is the formula of a chemical compound represented as the smallest whole number ratio of the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Particularly for big ionic compounds or compounds that possess complex and network structure, such as diamond, there is no distinctive molecule. Hence, they cannot be represented with their molecular formula. For such compounds, empirical formula is useful. Empirical formula is also known as stoichiometric formula. For example, CH3COOH has two carbon atoms, four hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms. Hence, it can be expressed as C2H4O2 and reduced to CH2O.

Significance

Empirical formula offers useful ...