Immune Response College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to the atopic individual, ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Cortisol is a steroid hormone synthesized in adrenal glands with a myriad of functions mainly in the endocrine and immune systems, and produced during stress circumstances. Under normal conditions, stimuli such as a pathogen release immune proteins called interleukins, which further activate T-lymphocyte cells. T-cells multiply to amplify the immune response and ultimately attack the pathogen (Abbas, 2014). Other immune responses are simultaneously activated, e.g. the complement system. The complement system exerts its functions through three pathways: classical, alternative or lectin pathways. The main activators of the classical pathway are antigen-antibody complexes, which trigger a series of events mainly mediated by complement proteins ...

CELL TRANSFER DURING PREGNANCY

Many people possess cells that come from people who are genetically different from them (Lee, 2008, p. 72). These cells are mainly transferred from the mother’s body to the fetus. Pregnant women also receive cells from their fetus and harbor them for many years. This was proven by a research that found presence of male cells in bodies of women who had given birth to boys. This cell can stay in the recipient’s body for a long time and sometimes they intermingle with stem cells to form body tissues through a process referred to as microchimerism. In the article the ...

{Course Name}
{Professor Name}
{Department Name}
{University}

Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease are two of the most prevalent types of immune disorders. Being diseases of the immune system, both diseases have similarities and, of course, striking differences. Reviewing both of their pathophysiology, incidences of occurrence and maladaptive responses may help us understand how these two immune disorders manifest their symptoms and affect the human body.
Psoriasis is considered as the most prevalent autoimmune disorder, particularly the psoriasis vulgaris type (Krueger and Bowcock, 2005). Additionally, the prevalence of psoriasis considerably varies worldwide (Langley, Krueger, and Griffiths, 2005). In USA, an estimated 2% of the population is ...

1.0 Background of Immune Tolerance

The immune system is the natural defense that combats disease causing agents in the body[ CITATION Gre02 \l 1033 ] through an intricate and coordinated interactions of many classes of proteins and cells[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ].The immune system has a potential to destroy the body cells but in all vertebrates the system is capable of distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules. That way the immune system eliminates pathogens and molecules that are a threat to the integrity of the organism without “self-destructing”[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ]. The human body has several mechanisms of either suppressing or eliminating autoreactive immune cells. Some ...

Immune System

(Author, Department, University,

Immune System

Introduction

The human immune system is a complex system consisting of a network of numerous cells and cell types, tissues, and organs working together to defend the human body from foreign bodies such as invading microorganisms, infections, and tumors, while ignoring the normal working and healthy parts of the body.

Discussion

Working of the immune system
The immune system has different ways of identifying problems, communicating with other cells, and performing their activities. The immune system has the ability to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells as it can recognize a number of different “danger” cues ...

Introduction

There has been a lot of interest between physical health and mental illness. There is a bidirectional relationship between physical health and mental health (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008). People who are diagnosed with severe mental illness are faced with a higher likelihood of developing various physical conditions, some of which are fleeting while others are chronic (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008). Additionally, the people who are diagnosed with certain conditions that affect their physical health have a two-fold risk of developing anxiety and depression when compared to the other population (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2008).
The correlation between ...

Seminar: Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms in Lymphatic Vascular Disease

The YouTube video presented by David Zawieja, talks about immune and inflammatory mechanisms that occur in Lymphatic Vascular diseases. The lymphatic system has a significant role in various essential mechanisms inside the body such as edema resolution, fluid and macromolecular homeostasis, inflammation and antigen trafficking. The primary of the Lymphatic function involves the transportation of Lymphatic substances from the interstitial spaces between the tissues via lymphatic capillary network and nodes that terminate into the venous blood inside the veins. The most significant segment of the lymphatic function is the flow of lymph through multiple nodes. The immune cells like ...

Biomolecules serve different functions in a cell. The three major classes of biomolecules in the cell are: proteins, nuclei acids and carbohydrates. These molecular structures serve nearly similar functions in most organisms. Though the function of protein in forming cell architecture, signaling and communication is well known, little is known about the role of carbohydrate in communication. Nevertheless, it goes un-denying that carbohydrates are indispensable for cellular communication and signaling, just like proteins and nucleic acids. The paper titled, Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition, by the authors Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis, is a good review that elucidates the significance ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History
Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

(BEHS Section Number)

This Lot in Life is true for me

12, Main Street, Maryland
Dear Amanda,
Hope you and your 1-year-old baby are doing well. I just wanted share some great news with you- I am expecting my first child and am in the fourth month of pregnancy. As over the moon as me and my husband are, what is keeping me grounded is the morning sickness. Ouch! Now I understand how exciting and at the same time tough pregnancy can be and I wonder how you went through it all so smoothly just last year. I am also confused about one very important thing about ...

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Academy of Primary Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the World Health Organization recommend that mothers exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first six months after delivery (Stuebe). In fact, the World Health Organization states that even after solid foods are started at six months, the mother should continue breastfeeding her child for at least two years or as long as she is able to produce milk (Breastfeeding Action Group 1). These organizations are quite correct in issuing these recommendations for as opposed to formula milk, breast milk and ...

Hepatitis B virus do not need presentation - its statistics tell about it more as there are more than two hundred million infected people in the world (Sundaram and Kowdley, 2015). In many patients hepatitis B infection leads to the development of the liver cirrhosis and other complications, can cause decompensation of the liver function and lead to death. Prevalence and malignant course of this infection make it a major challenge for modern medicine. Reviewed article lists and shows clinically proved and effective methods of the hepatitis B management. The discovery of a vaccine became the turning point in ...

HIV infection is slowly progressive disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus affects the immune system cells that have receptors on their surface CD4: Helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, microglia. As a result of the work of the immune system is suppressed, is developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the patient loses the ability to defend against infections and tumors that occur secondary opportunistic diseases that are not typical for people with normal immune status.

Etiology

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus, belonging to the family of retroviruses, lentivirus genus. The HIV genome contains a ribonucleic ...

Hepatitis is a condition pertaining to the liver. Its name literally means liver inflammation from the Greek words hêpar (liver) and –itis (inflammation). It is caused by several agents but worldwide, the most common medium for its distribution are viruses. There are five types of viruses namely Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E; these viruses are unrelated to each other except that they target the liver and cuase inflammation. Among all five Hepatitis B (HepB) is the most transmitted.
HepB is caused by the hepatitis b virus (HBV) which belongs to the family hepadnaviridae which have single stranded ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient

Management of the Postsurgical CABG Patient
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a recommended treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United Kingdom, around 2.7 million people have been diagnosed with this condition (NHS, 2012). The aim of surgery is to relieve angina and shortness of breath by improving the flow of blood to the heart (Parry et al., 2010). These symptoms cause severe discomfort and distress as well as limit the amount and type of physical activity a patient may engage in.
Surgery helps patients attain a higher quality of life referred to as satisfaction with life ...

Question: what does this tell you about this fragment?

The illustration is a 3D structure of E2F4-DNA-DP2 complex. the green fragment is the transcription factor E2F4 protein and it also equates to one out of the four chains that the complete protein has

The fragment functions as a bride between DP-2 and the sequence of DNA.
The fragment has the potential of being involved in the process of transcription like functioning as a regulator factor in the cell cycle.

Can you think of a Reason why this stretch is so homologous?

The Yellow fragment corresponds to the DNA-binding domain which is a high homologous sequence of fragment between the E2F series. this portion determines serves as the functional unit of the molecul and ...

In clinical transplantation, an observed complication is that previous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions may reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection but increase the risk of bone marrow transplant (BMT) graft failure (Storb and Weiden, 1981). This statement is seemingly a contradiction. It is difficult to understand how RBC transfusions can both reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection and increase the risk of BMT rejection.
But this contradiction can be resolved by understanding three considerations. First, the immune system is extremely complex and attempts to control its effects routinely have both positive and negative effects ( ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

Cell Mediated Immunity

Cell mediated is one of the components of the immune response. it involves the expression of cells like natural killer cells, phagocytic cells and antigen-presenting cells. it also involves the release of various forms of cytokines. the varies ways by which cell mediated immunity protect the body includes the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells in order to empower them to destroy antigenic agents like pathogens. it also leads to the formation of substances that modulate the function of cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. In addition, cell-mediated immunity helps in protection of the body by leading to activation ...

Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is an extensive one way drainage system, which is made up of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus. It is part of the circulatory system. The lymphatic vessels have three main functions. Lymphatic vessels drain water and plasma protein that leaks from the capillaries and return them to the circulatory system, they carry fats absorbed in the small intestines to the blood, and transport cellular remains, pathogens, and foreign cells to the lymphoid tissues where white blood cells annihilate them (Starr. C, Targgat, Vers & Starr. L, 2012). Lymph nodes act as sites for ...