Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology, also called as “science of sustainability,” is an emerging and exigent discipline for engineers, scientists and policy makers. The approach of industrial ecology assists to understand the industry and environment connections to shift from the thinking of past faults to forward thinking (Kapur and Graedel 2004). Five hierarchical and mutually dependent levels for the system are described for strategic sustainable development (SSD) to progress toward the target results, the state of sustainability. With proper implementation of its application and appropriate usage of the strategic sustainable development IE will promote business competitiveness and product modernization (Erkman 1997). Several ...