Cocaine is an illicit drug that is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Cocaine can be manufactured in several. A common method involves copping the coca leaves and mixing this with ammonia and lime. Following this, the mixture is placed into barrels with diesel gasoline. The active component of cocaine dissolves into the gasoline and the gasoline is filtered out from the rest of the mixture that is discarded. Sulfuric acid is then mixed with the diesel mixture. This allows for the formation of cocaine sulfate. The cocaine sulfate is then mixed with more lime to neutralize ...
Metabolite College Essays Samples For Students
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Section 1. Renal Excretion of Drugs and their Metabolites
Determine whether your drug is:
a) Primarily excreted unchanged (as the parent drug) in the urine (renally cleared)
b) Excreted in the urine principally as metabolites (metabolised; hepatically cleared)
Salbutamol is cleared through the urinary system, metabolizing through the inactive 4’-O-sulphate (phenolic sulphate). Within the urine (with a minor extraction method being faeces), both the salbutamol and the metabolite sulphate are excreted. In studies, urinary excretion of salbutamol has resulted in around 64% of a dose being excreted as unchanged salbutamol, with about 12% excreted as the sulphate conjugate (Spina, 2003).
Section 2. Drug Metabolism
For your drug:
a) discuss its metabolism noting the ...
Salmeterol is part of a broader group of drugs known as adrenergic agonists; it works specifically by binding to β2 receptors of the adrenergic receptor family, which are activated by the binding of the endogenous neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine. The adrenergic receptors are as well part of a broader group of receptors known as G-protein coupled receptors. The G-protein receptor family is composed of a single peptide with seven trans-membrane regions that are attached to a G protein, Gs, Gq, or GI (Harvey & Champe, 2008). The G protein has 3 subunits; the α, β, and γ subunits; the α subunit in the resting state is bound to ...
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Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms
Similarities in both organisms include the fact that both organisms are non-sporulating. Although, not the only metabolite, Salmonella enterica can produce lactate as one of its metabolite while Lactococcus lactis produces lactate. Both organisms are anaerobes, feeding by fermenting substrates (PHAC, 2010). Salmonella enterica ferments glucose while Lactococcus lactis ferments milk.
Salmonella enterica is different from Lactococcus enterica in several ways. From gram staining, Salmonella enterica is a gram-positive organism while Lactococcus lactis is a gram-negative organism. At the level of feeding, Salmonella enterica feeds on a wide range of carbohydrates (PHAC, 2010). It is a heterofermentative organism whereas Lactococcus lactis is a ...
