Neuroscience College Essays Samples For Students

Month and Year

Brain imaging techniques are useful to study different areas of the brain. There are many popular imaging techniques present in the media. Any technique that deals with the structure of the brain and evaluate the mechanism of the brain comes in cognitive brain imaging techniques. In a research study, I read about two techniques PET and MRI. PET stands for positron emission tomography. It helps in identifying disease, working of organs and tissues in the body. MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging. It also scans the detailed images of organs and tissues present in the body. However, these brain imaging ...

Introduction

Biological Psychology is the biological study of human behavior through various theories. It is said that every behavior, action, emotion and thought originates from the brain. In the past, this study was known as physiological psychology due to the fact that the methods employed to study the brain functions and behavior correlates with the physiology. For instance, stimulation and lesioning are among the methods used. There are three major theories that try to link the biology of humans to their behavior. They include: evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics and behavioral neuroscience. These three theories hold different backgrounds in regard to ...

Psychology of stress

Describe neuroscience and neuroplasticity. Explain the importance to the brain.
Neuroplasticity alludes to the capacity of the mind to re-model and change with a specific end goal to have the capacity to adjust to new conditions. Neuroplasticity works in exceptionally intriguing routes, for example, we can be accustomed to doing a given kind of action ordinary or more often than not, and this makes us get acquainted with it and it gradually changes to end up distinctly our propensity. This procedure of adaption is the manner by which Neuroplasticity works in light of the fact that once we quit ...

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology (or EP) examines psychological traits like memory, language, and perception, from an evolutionary perspective, which is modern. This theory seeks to identify the human psychological traits that are evolved adaptations. These are the traits, which are the functional products of sexual selection or natural selection. According to the adaptationists, physiological mechanisms are related to psychological processes. They consider the physiological mechanisms of the heart, immune system, and lungs.
Some of the evolutionary psychologists apply this thinking to psychology, and argue that the human mind has a similar modular structure to the human body, where different modular adaptations ...

This paper attempts to explore some of the components of the neuroscience approach to the study of psychology. One would realize that the study of the brain and its functions have lead to great insight into the study of human behavior and also the study of behavioral abnormalities in humans. The reason why I agree with the Neuroscience perspective is that it continues to lead the way as we continue to unravel the mystery of the human mind, the behavior and its disorders. Neuroscience has led to a lot of advances in the field of study of human behavior in ...

The human brain is the most complex part of the human body that is very hard to understand. Our brains behave in a way that neuroscientists and psychologists have never understood. Its ability to control body functions and consciousness is one of the most challenging section that these individuals are still struggling to figure out. The human brain capacity of 1350 cc and it is made up of a very complex network of neurons that develop during the last three months of development (The Function of the Human Brain, 2016). The way we perceive the world around us is ...

Introduction

The field of psychology as an area of study consists of distinctive branches, each of which looks into human experiences, behavior, and mental process from a different point of view. For instance, cognitive psychology focuses on the study of human’s internal processes, such as what goes on in their minds, what motivates them as well as how they perceive people around them. Accordingly, as people’s curiosity in the relationship of the human brain and the behavioral responses in a cognitive task increased, many empirical and theoretical studies were conducted. The study of cognitive psychology has had a ...

Neuroscience is the study of the human mind. It provides a map of the human mind. The studies that relate the economic arena to the human mind may have a variety of benefits as well as negative impacts on the economists’ performance. Neuro-economics therefore, combines the relations of the two and may be of benefits as scientist prove. This paper highlights the view of the proposers and critics regarding the implication of neuro-economics. From this, it comes out that neuro-economics is far much important as will be shown by its benefits.
The proposers of the ideas asserts that neuroscience ...

I, Consumer

I, Consumer
One of the things that has interested me most throughout this course is the idea of consumption as a form of personal identity expression. While I was aware that my own preferences in music or clothing or other categories of goods communicated something about me, I didn’t realize the depth of importance that had to me—and, to be honest, my ego—until I read the various theories of consumption that were included in our course material, as well as the additional research I did in preparing to write this paper. Gradually, I have come to ...

Introduction: An Overview

Cognition is a mental process used in acquiring knowledge, and how this knowledge is used. This encompasses features like judging, memory, sensation, and thinking. Hence, it shows how human beings get information, apply it in their daily living, and transform their lives accordingly. Cognition and the mind are closely interrelated since the mind processes information and how such information is used. Cognition can be classified into two types: conscious or unconscious; and natural or artificial (Lovett, 2013). Since time immemorial, it has been considered an abstract characteristic of living organisms and over the years been studied as a property of the ...

Abstract. In recent time, connectomics which is filed aimed to construct wiring diagram of the brain at the level of synapses and their connections has gained an increasing interest and is very promising for neuroscience. Advance in technology allow to acquire huge volumes of data and the challenge for researchers and scientist now is storage, visualization, and processing of the data. Developing GPU technology provides effective solutions for computing on large datasets and its visualization. Moreover, several recent work propose techniques for optimized segmentation, reconstruction, proofreading, and visualization of connectome. However, existing solutions are still not efficient enough and ...

The Issue

The Children and Young Persons Act of 1963 provides ten years as the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) for England and Wales (Goldson, 2013, p.113). This implies that for more than half a century, the exposure of children who reach ten to the law's full force has been much the same way as adults. Children as young as ten years are being convicted of crimes and subjected to a police investigation. In this regard, they may end up having a criminal record for life. England and Wales' MACR is the lowest in Europe. It also fails to consider developmental psychology ...

“Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain” is a book on the topic of neuropsychology written by David Eagleman. He is working as an assistant professor of neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston (Bilger, 2011).The book was published in 2011 by Vintage publishers.

This book is appealing and interesting in that it has presented the scientific concepts in an easy-to-understand manner and has successfully given surprising lessons in neuroscience. Eagleman has presented the tricks that are played by our brain and senses in this physical world. In the ...

Annotated Bibliography – Lesson 7

Green, C. Shawn, and Daphne Bavelier. "The cognitive neuroscience of video games." Digital
media: Transformations in human communication (2006): 211-223.
C. Shawn Green and Daphne Bavelier are experienced scholars in the field of video game neuroscience, having previously written papers on the cognitive effects of video games on visual selective attention. In this article, the authors explore the theory that video game playing provides practical gains in enhanced perceptual capabilities, including hand-eye coordination, faster reaction times, benefits in peripheral vision and more. Evaluating the literature on hand for this type of neuroscience, the authors determine that ...

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Introduction

Psychology is the branch of science which deals with the study of the mind. It has a further sub-category of behaviorism which is the study of behavior. But the extent of Behaviorism Psychology had flaws. Scientists and researchers needed something more in-depth and advanced to study the internal mental states. Behaviorism only dealt with the external behavior that a person observed. This gave birth to Cognitive Psychology.
Cognitive Psychology better interlinks itself with linguistics, neuroscience and philosophy. The development of cognitive psychology circled back to the ...

Eliminative materialism represents perhaps the most radical complex of ideas within the philosophy of mind. The arguments which it holds may seem absurd at the first blush. Eliminativists have 'accelerated' physicalist/materialist views concerning mental states so that the concepts we usually use to describe our experience with (e.g. love, hate, desire) arrive as the aberrations and results of our long-term misconceptions and ignorance (in other words, 'mental states' never actually existed). Eliminativism main thesis is that common sense psychology shows outrageous poverty in descriptive capacity, facing the innovations of nowadays science (in particular, neurobiology). And while the theory of ...

Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mind and related mental processes including memory, learning, thought, and perception. It is based on the idea that brain can be considered as the complex computing system. Cognitive psychology is not only based on working of the mind but also on the constitution of the mind that results in the formation of cognitive theory and related hypotheses. In this study, psychologists try to find the processing of mind in producing a behavior. This field of psychology is comparatively new as compared to other branches of psychology. However, its foundations can be extended back ...

Capacity of making decisions is the thing that differs those who dream from those who act. Every person makes thousands of various decisions every day. Most of them are so usual for us that we don't even pay attention to them. Every morning a person decides whether to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of tea for breakfast, to go on foot or by public transport, to put on a raincoat or take an umbrella. Such decisions come to us immediately, and we cannot say if they were either caused by some reason, or made subconsciously. But what we can say ...

A myriad of baffling questions foster educated inquiries regarding the types of causes for schizophrenia, in terms of neurological foundations. Psychiatry and neuropsychological research continues to engage professionals in exploring the role of the frontal lobes in schizophrenia. While more questions persist than answers, it appears that the elements of memory and behavior correlate in ways that bond to either a region or function that is important in the disorder. According to medical researcher, Dr. Raphael Bonelli (2007) “schizophrenia, and mood disorders may result from disturbances that have a direct or indirect impact on the integrity or functioning of” various loops ...

There are many aspects to the field of psychology, and this has led to separate perspectives of psychology that have developed as approaches to understanding the mind and behavior. The major perspectives of psychology are Psychodynamic, Behaviorist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary; and they are based on very different underlying assumptions (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). The brain is also an integral factor in psychology as well as the biological processes occurring throughout the nervous system, and behavioral neuroscience is a field which studies these processes in relation to behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). This paper will examine the main assumptions of the perspectives of ...

Introduction

Is there a life after death? This is one of the questions that most people in the world have been asking themselves for years. The survival of consciousness after death is a very complex situation for most people in the world. This is the reason why it has been discussed by many philosophers as well as other people in the world. According to the researches that have been conducted by the scientist is that, they believe that the consciousness and the mind are connected in that the they functioning of how the brain works even after death (Stanislav Grof & Marjorie). The ...

Introduction

Psychology was in its rudimentary form in the early nineteenth century. It was just beginning to separate its own identity from the discipline of Philosophy. Various concurrent developments were happening in Europe and the US. Major advancements were initiated by Germen psychologists Wilhelm Wundt and others, who believed in experiments as a way to develop theories by actively interfering in the natural phenomenon. A few decades before Wundt established a laboratory for psychology, rapid strides in understanding of the nervous system was happening. By 1830s, human physiology was turning into an experimental discipline from being a descriptive science. The emerging physiology influenced ...

Introduction

There are many techniques that are being used today to examine the functionality of the human brain. Most of the current technologies emerged in early 1990s. Some of the technologies that are used for brain imaging include; computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetoncephalography (MEG). This paper will look at the history of these techniques used for brain imaging(Katz & Alexander 1994).
1895 – 1900 Early uses of brain imaging
The process of imaging human dieses started in 1895 following the discovery of Wilhelm Roentagen. He was a physicist that ...

- Introduction
The human brain plays an instrumental role in the cognitive stability of human kind. The process of memory consolidation and retrieval entails complex biological mechanisms. This paper gives a common assessment about human memory from the beginning to end. The description of this process will include biology and neuroscience, identification of each step in the human memory, factors that might impede the process of human memory, interferences in the process, and an explanation of the different kinds of memory loss.
- The Biology and neuroscience.
- Identification and description of each step in the human ...

Cognitive psychology is one of the important disciplines to human cognitive understanding. It is actually a science that focuses on investigating human mental abilities. These mental abilities include understanding, thinking, reasoning, perceiving, remembering, as well as learning. In most cases, cognitive psychology is compared to aspects of behaviorism. As a matter of fact, cognitive psychology focuses on them nature of human psyche that cannot be observed and uses the abstracts constructs in producing the observable behaviors. In defining cognitive psychology it is worth noting that the discipline is related to linguistics, neuroscience, and philosophy. The contemporary study of cognitive psychology rests ...

Discussion Question 1 Sun 05/01/2011 07:19 AM , by: Instructor

The five major perspectives in modern psychology are psychodynamic, behaviorism, humanism, neuroscience, and cognitive. Psychodynamic deals with the idea that people are out of control of their actions and behavior, and that there is an underlying reason behind what people do. School psychology is a subgenre that deals with the behavior of elementary school children. Behaviorism emphasizes behavior that is observable and identifiable. Personality psychology addresses how people act and why they act that way.
Humanism is identified as an ethos wherein people are in control of the things they do – social psychology addresses humanism and how the behavior ...

It has never been a secret for people that physical activity stimulates the brain and provokes its development. Living in the modern world, it is hard to imagine our life without TV-shows, serials, computer games or Internet. It has become very complicated for us to devote our free time to something helpful, useful and effective.
When talking about brain development and physical activity it is necessary to mention that scientists have devoted decades to the research of the fact that when we do sports, we stimulate our brain and improve our cognitive skills.
It has been proved that exercising ...

Introduction

Human society has been based on mere moral factors that are the basis of governing the behavioral aspect of any particular society. However, it is quite intriguing to look into the doctrine of doing and allowing and this basically narrows down to the moral threshold that has been set forth in any particular society. Therefore, this brings to light the concept of whether, there is a fatual difference between actually being the perpetrator and carrying out the particular act or being a mere observer and letting the particular harm escalate among the people. Moreover, based on the doctrine of ...

Introduction

A recent report of the International Longevity Center-UK (ILC-UK) indicated that dementia can no longer be viewed as an isolated disorder due to a high prevalence of medical comorbidities, often undiagnosed, associated with it (Scrutton & Brancati, 2016). Patients with dementia also had received a less coordinated comorbidity treatments, resulting to the faster decline of their daily functioning, a reduction in their quality of life (QOL), and earlier mortality events than patients with these comorbidities, but in the absence of dementia.
The report also noted other important findings, which exacerbated the need for better therapeutic options in dealing with dementia, ...

Biology is definitely one of the most prominent disciplines that made an enormous progress in recent decades. Contemporary biology is eagerly used by behavioral geneticists and provides a basis for its various researches and projects. One of the major paradigms of the 21st century is probably biosocial criminology. It is an interdisciplinary field, the first and foremost purpose of which is to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological and environmental factors (Buss, 2015). Though the study of crime was great while dominated by the governing paradigm of sociological criminology, biosocial criminology is nowadays considered to be ...

Media Consumption and Materialism/Consumerism

Globally, consumption and materialism have become a fundamental component of the prevailing culture. Humans consume a myriad of products and resources that extend beyond their basic necessities to include technological innovations and luxuries aimed at improving efficiency and quality of life. Throughout history, consumption beyond basic needs has served as a method of boosting human happiness. Hence, excessive consumption does not necessarily pose harm to human life (Shah). Increasingly, however, important issues regarding media consumption and materialism have emerged in recent decades. As such, this study examines the neuroscience of human emotions, the use of recreational substances, and the ...

As Sadcheva and colleagues (162) reasonably note, “the question of whether morality is an objective truth gleaned from nature or a socially constructed concept has been important in the philosophical study of ethics as well». In the editorial titled The Moral Instinct, Steven Pinker cultivates a rather controversial and ambiguous issue of human moral judgments, moral decisions/choices and moral dispositions. Thereby, the provocative nature of the author’s argument reveals itself as early as the introduction points to the blurred and seemingly inexplicable standards we evaluate the worth of particular prominent figures in terms of their compliance with moral ...

Introduction

In the production of drugs and other substances, manufacturers have the mandate of listing the underlying chemical compounds and other substances used in the production process. That would help in defining the schedule in which the drug will fall under based on the current drug policy within the United States. Classification of drugs into different schedules helps in maintaining an overall understanding of what to expect based on one’s intake of the drugs and other substances. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) has come up with five distinct categories or schedules of drugs depending on their chemical composition (Nutt, ...

REGULATORY BEHAVIOR

The role of the nervous system. The fact that nervous system is the direct and influential regulator of human behavior is widely recognized by scientific communities all over the world.
Actually, all the elements of sophisticated structure of nervous system work in concord in order to provide appropriate behavioral responses for any irritant or provocative. Consequently, the principles of coordinative work of nervous system constitute the issue of paramount importance for psychologists.
Talking more specifically, both central and peripheral nervous system do take part in behavioral regulation. For instance, spinal cord (the constituting part of central nervous system) works ...

In research conducted by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), the result of listening to music composed by the musician Mozart was an short-term improvement in tasks associated with spatial-temporal reasoning. The researchers hypothesized that higher brain functions correlate with music cognition. Dubbed the “Mozart Effect” by Dr. Alfred Tomatis, subsequent experiments differed on whether the influence is significant. While some studies support the proposed impact (Ivanov & Geake, 2003; Rauscher, Robinson, and Jens, 1998; Rideout & Laubach, 1996), others do not (Chabris, 1999; Mehr, Schachner, Katz, & Spelke, 2013; Steele, Bass, & Crook, 1999). This paper is an analysis of the research by ...

Chapter #16:

Question 1.
Insect-eating birds will decrease in number since their source of food has been reduced. The birds may also migrate to warmer areas during this period.

Question 2.

The habitat is the specific place where the organism lives e.g. a fish’s habitat is water. On the other hand, niche is the position and the role played by the organism in an ecosystem. It includes how the organism obtain food and shelter, the mode of survival, and the mode of reproduction (Sutton & Anderson, 2009, p. 46). For instance, a lion’s niche in the ecosystem is that of a predator.Question ...

Studies have shown that stress can be beneficial to some level. Every individual is faces life challenges that require them to react in the best way that will promote their survival. According to a new neuroscience field, there is a mental zone that can slow down the hyperactive part of the brain that responds to stress, and at the same time allow the brain networks perform at maximum levels (Goewey 1). When this mental zone is activated, success can be achieved in all areas of one’s life. However, excessive stress can cause damage to the body if not ...

Summary: The interaction between the limbic system and the subcortical dopaminergic system, is important in the experience of reward by the individual. The hypothesis in the present study is that, increased excitability of the medial prefrontal cortex, exerts a suppressive effect on the interaction between subcortical dopaminergic system and the limbic striatum structures (Ferenczi et al.). Lack of a reward seeking behavior is seen in patients with depression and MRI studies in these subjects have identified increased excitability of the medial prefrontal cortex. This finding was suggested as a rationale for the study. The experiments were designed to demonstrate ...

Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field. In this area of study, scientists research on the comprehensive structure and function of the brain. There are various interests that scientists can take within the science. They range from the molecular fabric of the neuron together with its biochemical processes to the macroscopic structure of the brain. The study further entails the brain’s relation to cognitions, emotions and behavior. These three factors work hand in hand towards a common objective. The goal is to provide answers to our most pressing individual and societal issues.
Currently, neuroscience is the fastest growing field in ...

Introduction

The exploration of the cognitive processes is crucial for the existence of the humanity. Evidently, cognition is a specific process of the mind’s interaction with reality. This process implies the examination of the external environment with the help of the senses, the usage of memory and experience in the formation of the behavioral strategy, and processing of the incoming information. Needless to say, that cognition is central to the existence of each individual. The entire civilization is based with the help of the accumulation of information and experience and its further usage to create qualitatively new technical devices ...

The adolescent stage makes or breaks a person’s future regardless of the actions done in the past. It is a risky stage, which parents and teachers tend to fear as it may destroy a teenager’s future if they follow the wrong paths. Most addiction cases reveal that its users began while in their adolescent age as they fall prey to various environmental, social, and physical calamities. The main cause of addiction is peer pressure since most of the teenagers lack a sense of direction and would want to experiment different things that life has to offer. Following ...

There are various causes of depression. Therefore, it is difficult to pinpoint the cause of depression in a person. It maybe one factor or a combination of factors. It maybe be triggered by changes in chemicals in the brain. Medical research has shown that lack of certain. Depression can also be linked to inherited traits. In some cases, it occurs in families with a history of depression. IT can also be caused by emotional shock, stress or certain illness.
Linking neuroscience with psychology helps it as a science. For a long time, depression has often been associated in social ...

ABSTRACT

This study was mainly focused on repeating what other studies have done in the past; to understand the relationship between marijuana and schizophrenia. The literature suggested that there was not enough research on the topic in terms of finding out the root cause of patients taking marijuana, even if they had medication. What was discovered in the literature was also the theory that there were other contributing outside factors such as genetics and family history. Patients that were also mentally healthy were having the same effects when taking marijuana. What the literature also spoke about was distinguishing between actual ...

The Advanced Nurse Role

The nervous system is a critical system which plays a vital role in every function of a human body ranging from sensations, thinking to movements (Nurse without Borders, 2016). As such, the system is instrumental in coordinating and regulating human body activities. This complex system is a network of fiber, nerve cells, and neurons which are spread throughout the human body. Thus, any injuries and trauma on the spinal cord, head, nerve cell or diseases such as meningitis, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and encephalitis on any part of this system can have devastating effect on the body ...

In the past thirty years, humanity has moved into a digital era where billions of people are connected via an ever advancing technology boom. Yousef starts his days by waking up to the sound of the alarm, and listening to the radio while driving his car to work. Then he works on the computer to do some tasks; after that he contacts some people by calling and texting them via Smartphone. In his leisure time, he just passes his fingertip over a screen and sinks into some application to update himself with the latest news headline continuing to use ...

Neurological and/or neurovascular components of the major types of headaches

Introduction

Headaches are classified as one of the most renowned neurological complaints. At some point in life, most people experience headaches, and the World Health Organization (WHO) consider the phenomenon as the most disabling condition because of the harmful effects on the quality of life. According to Winn (2011), headache is a common physical manifestation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and either produce either new primary symptoms or worsen pre-existing symptoms in patients with a prior headache history. The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) provides a clinical criterion that categorizes headaches into ...

Psychology is simply the study behaviours and the way peoples mind function. Psychology tries to understand the relationship that exists between mental activities, an individual’s behaviour and what motivates a person’s action to behave in a certain way (Westen, Kowalski and Burton 2006). There are several perspectives or rather; approaches to understanding psychology and in this essay two of them will be emphasized as they will try to explain reasons for people to have road rage. Road rage is a behaviour that is very common among people especially drivers and includes behaviour such as people making threats to other drivers ...

One big risk of psychological reductionism is its allure. The core reductionist belief that all of these complex components can be broken down and understood leads to a shift in focus from larger models of psychological awareness to more specific models, which may not hold the relevance to everyday people. Often, psychological conditions have social impacts as well, which these ideas would have difficulty taking into account. Often, reducing behaviors to specific psychological events can be more difficult than this idea accounts for. In focusing on the processes of the individual only, and not the larger context of family and ...

Introduction

In the recent past, studies in the field of cognitive science have brought forth overwhelming evidence on the relationship between moral judgment and emotions. However, research on this topic a couple of decades old. For instance,StanleyMilgram, a social psychologist, carried a research on this topic in the 1970 where he instructed his students to approach strangers in New York subway and request for a sit. The research did not receive the kind of reception Milgram expected, he noticed that most of the students declined to participate. However, one student who offered to do the research aborted it prematurely. Left with no alternatives, ...

Psychology Questions and Answers

Psychology Questions and Answers

Question #1: Is there a language function in counting?

The link between language function and counting is as evident as is the connection between neuroscience and education. Even though, the connection of the two elements is evident with cognitive development. The connection between these two factors (language function and counting) could be proved for aggregated effect on grounds of application and practice, as well. Moreover, research is being conducted to unleash the learning patterns and the subsequent function of each factor in cognitive learning. It is only the exploration of practice in the light of research and theories that the connection or integrated maneuvering ...

Research question: What is the role of inheritance in the development of anxiety and how can anxiety be managed?

Anxiety is an automatic response and defensive behavior that accompany circumspection or threatening aspects of the surrounding. Joshua and Rene found out that individuals who suffer from anxiety disorders get crippled by devastating bodily and emotional symptoms. Animal models of anxiety have helped various researchers to understand neural mechanisms.
With the help of anxiolytic drugs, it has been identified that fear-potentiated disconcert and fear-conditioned glacial depend on learned associations between painful and mild stimuli (Gordon & Hen, 2004). Neurobiological and pharmacological exploration discloses that neurotransmitters and neuron systems are responsible for expressing anxiety. Injection of any drugs that affect ...

Abstract

This paper analyzes leading theories of thoughts on the physical basis for empathy. Human emotions have long been the subject of philosophical inquiries and only recently has the advent of pychology allowed us to study the physical brain structures fueling these discoveries. Researchers have seen that cells called mirror cells and certain assemblies of parts of the brain are strongly associated with our ability to empathize, though much research needs to be done for this conclusions to be verified and expanded.
Empathy is intrinsic to the human experience. Some would argue empathy is the trait that makes us ...

INTRODUCTION

The human body consists of tissues and organs that contain over 200 different cell types.1 these cells carry out all the functions required for viability and reproduction. It was argued long ago, that in some tissues, the differentiated cells have a shorter life span and that they are not able to self -renew.2 This led to the notion that such tissues are maintained by cells that have an extensive renewal capacity, and the ability to differentiate and generate daughter cells. These cells were termed as ‘stem cells”.2 Stem cells generate only the differentiated lineages of the tissues they reside in, ...

Background

Recent behavioral studies have shown the clinical relevance of meditation in the treatment of stress-related physiological and psychological illnesses. Kabat-Zinn et al. (1998) found that audio-induced mindfulness meditation reduced stress and increased the rate of healing of psoriatic lesions in patients with psoriasis. Krisanaprakornkit et al. (2006) reviewed a variety of meditation techniques on the effect of stress-related anxiety disorders and found that most meditation approaches can help patients self-regulate anxiety symptoms in a variety of anxiety conditions. In an extensive literature review comprising hundreds of studies conducted in the past 20 years, Jacobs (2001) also found that relaxation techniques and ...

Q1. What is the effect of VLSM therapy on state anxiety levels, as measured by the STAI?

Q2. What is the effect of VLSM therapy on perceived stress levels, as measured by the PSS?
Research Method

This will be a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial designed to examine the effects of VLSM meditation therapy (Solfanelli, 2010) on state anxiety levels and perceived stress levels. As previously noted, state anxiety will be operationally defined as scores on Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), whereas stress will be operationally defined as scores on the Perceived Stress scale (PSS).

Audio-visual stimulation (AVS) ...