Rat College Essays Samples For Students

The rat was taken suddenly from a basket and presented to Albert. Two months after pretesting had been done, Albert was shown a white rat and any time when he touched the rat steel bar was banged behind his head (Watson & Rayner.1920. para 9). When seven trials were over, Albert cried and avoided the rat- this was a situation of conditioned stimulus. Albert had associated the white rat with the disturbing banging sound which changed neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus. The loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus which caused the child to cry any time he saw the rat. The emotional response ...

PROFESSORINSTITUTION

Operant Conditioning 2
Introduction
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a subject’s behavior is modified through antecedents and consequences. The concept was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was studying the digestive system of dogs. The theory of behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson. Later, B.F. Skinner helped define the mechanics of behaviorism through his work. Over the years behaviorism has grown in popularity and scope. Research has shaped the practice of behaviorism as it has been adapted by many disciplines (education, psychology). The most popular use of Behavioral Therapy today is found in treating ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response.
A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Radiologists and the complementary professionals and para-professionals face unique risks while at the work place. Exposure to ionizing radiation induces nuclear changes in cells that may cumulatively lead to cancer. In the case of the patient, the exposure to radiation is necessary in order to establish diagnosis or treatment and the benefits should outweigh the potential harm. For the staff on the other hand exposure to increased levels of exposure is hazardous and undesirable. Shielding is used to avoid accidental exposure to radiation, as well as careful obedience to the laws of physics. The effects of radiation lessen as ...

Answer the Questions

Social behaviour in animals is the relationship or interaction that happens between two or more individuals. This usually happens between animals of similar species. They form familiarities and cooperate in matters such as mating, parenting, communication and territorial authority. Group behaviour or collective behaviour on the other hand is the coordinated behaviour of large groups of animals usually of a similar species. This is characterised by the benefits of these groups. Animal group behaviour is different from social behaviour because of the fact that even animals from different species can form a group based on their similar interest while in social ...

Introduction

The psychological field is familiar with the difference of B.F. Skinner and John Watson’s theoretical perspectives. However, none of the two differs as much as Edward Tolman’s perspectives. One of his popular assertions is that his believes in the importance of every aspect in the psychological field. In addition, all those aspects can undergo investigation through perpetual theoretical and practical analysis of rat demeanor determiners in a maze (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). These different perspectives are captivating and are popular in this era’s modern psychology. This paper will generate a fair comparison and contrast on Skinner and Watson’s ...

Introduction

“How To Tell A True War Story” by Tim O’Brien is a masterpiece that highlights the various aspects in the view that the author offers abstract commentary based on storytelling and thus blurs the divisions between truth and fiction. This is highlighted by the view that he brings two stories that that fail to be "true" to their intended audiences.
In the aspect of suffering, O’Brien clearly brings the aspect of a complex relationship between the war experience and storytelling. The concept is highlighted in the plot of the story which is based on the concept that highlights ...

According to Ellis' "Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I" there were something like millions of men that were living in the trenches throughout the time of World War I. It was a very dangerous spot and considered to be an area where a lot of the action went down that had nothing to do with the enemy but survival. It was apparent that beyond six million soldiers lost their lives in those trenches. In the book Eye-Deep in Hell, the author does a good job with exploring this distinctive and frightening world—the ceremonies of battle, the customs of ...

Critical Thinking

Chapter 5
Learning is the processes of relatively permanent changes in behavior achieved after repetition or experience. Classical conditioning on the other hand is widely defined as the behavioral modification that a subject develops after previously repeated neutral stimulus that evokes a certain desired response. A Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in the early 20th century accidentally (Ciccarelli 2008). Certain elements are as the distinct characteristics of classical conditioning. The first is Neutral Stimulus (NS), which is a stimulus that does not induce a response. Unconditional Stimulus (US) is another stimulus that is innately capable of eliciting a response. Conditioned Stimulus ( ...

Introduction

It is not often that one takes the time to retrospect, introspect and prospect since with pressures of daily living according to the Caribbean Reggae Legend, the late Bob Marley (1981), we are all caught up the mighty Rat Race of life, which has indeed infected the human race. ‘(Marley, 1981). As such, this is an awesome privilege for me to seriously embrace where I was, where I am and more importantly, where I am heading, especially, in this new professional practice.
With some degree of nostalgia, inevitably I must first withdraw sentiments expressed through Thomas Hardy’s ( ...

1. The title of the article is "Is Noise Always Bad? Exploring the Effects of Ambient Noise on Creative Cognition". The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of low, moderate, and high noise levels on creativity within a consumer context. The authors of the study propose that low- and moderate-levels of noise enhance abstract thinking processes in creative individuals. The researchers also propose a mechanism called processing difficulty -- or "disfluency" -- which causes a higher "construal level" that, in turn, causes individuals to engage in more abstract thinking. Furthermore, individuals who are more-predisposed to being creative, the researchers ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

Psychologists have come up with different theories working towards the human brain and their behavior in relation to various things including their everyday living in relation to the environment. Different ideas/efforts worked at different times in different situations as opposed to the way they were set up. Among a number of theorists and psychologists, Sigmund Freud worked on a theory basing his research on psychoanalytic perspectives, unconscious motives, wishes and urge, the five stages psychosocial development childhood experiences and dream analysis. Another was Ivan Pavlov working on the idea of classical conditioning, associative learning and stimulus – stimulus. He also researched on ...

Watson’s experiment was one of the most interesting experiments on classical conditioning. It has been the reference of conditioning experiments that help psychologists understand behavior acquirement. The main aim was to show the empirical evince of classical conditioning. The methodology used had a clear background that established the child’s inherent or previously learned fears. This added credibility to the whole experiment. The preliminary test of Albert’s baseline fears presented an authentic knowledge of his nature.
When Albert was introduced to a rat, he initially showed no fear. He tended to move towards it and even touched it. ...

-A social system is composed of many interrelated and interdependent
parts or structures. The social system of India consists of different castes, which each caste assigned or allowed certain functions. The Dahlits do, according to the video, “the jobs the higher castes won’t because they consider them unclean.” One common Dahlit job is as a “manual scavenger,” or cleaning the toilets of upper castes by hand. There are other interrelated and interdependent parts of Indian society. In addition to the Dahlits and higher castes, other parts or structures discussed in the short film include the education system, which ...

In Lars Eighner's essay "On Dumpster Diving," he describes his experiences with the phenomenon of dumpster-diving, which he began approximately a year before he became homeless, and presumably continues to this day. The phenomenon of dumpster diving involves rummaging through things people throw away and either eating or retaining it. Eighner, in this essay, notes the varying rules and experiences he has for his own ethos regarding dumpster diving; according to him, as long as it is done responsibly, it is an efficient and sustainable way of life. Eighner's philosophies steer far away from conspicuous consumption and toward responsible, picky ...

For quite a long time, psychologists sought to understand the mechanism behind the various ways through which people acquire their behaviors. There are various studies done to investigate this phenomenon. The essay below describes two of the theories that have been derived.

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

This is a theory that was discovered by a Russian Scientist Pavlov. He was experimenting on the digestive patterns in dogs, and therefore gave them meat powder with tubes attached to their bodies so that the response of the various organs can be ascertained. However, he started noting that the dogs would start salivating the moment they saw ...

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair talks about the poor conditions of immigrant workers in the meat packing industry in Chicago. The place, aptly named Packingtown, is the area where the major meat packing companies were found. This is where Jurgis, his family, and his then girlfriend and later on wife’s family migrated from Lithuania in hopes of a better life. Sinclair discusses in vivid details the hardships that the whole family went through in Chicago as their naivete as immigrants in a foreign country were played on and taken advantage by both the influential and the not so influential ones. ...

In Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (2012), Coon and Mitterer write, “The principles of operant conditioning [] are among the most powerful tools in psychology” (pg. 226). The definition of operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reinforcement increases the probability of a response. A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Operant conditioning is explains much day-to-day behavior. Every individual lives his or her life according to the reinforcement they receive after performing an action. This kind of learning is operant conditioning—“learning based on the consequences of responding” (Coon & Mitterer, ...

Elwyn Brooks "E. B." White is an American novelist, journalist and essayist. He was born in New York in 1899. In 1927, White became a writer at The New Yorker and concurrently a contributing editor — a position that he held for the rest of his career. He wrote books for children, including Stuart Little, Charlotte's Web and The Trumpet of the Swan. Charlotte's Web (1952) is considered to be one of his the most famous novels. It was selected as the top children's novel in 2012 by readers of School Library Journal, not for the first time. Charlotte's Web is about the ...

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried tells an anthologized story of a platoon of American soldiers throughout the Vietnam conflict, demonstrating just how significant the effect of the war was on everyone who experienced it. Drawing greatly on O’Brien’s own experiences as a soldier in Vietnam, the stories are greatly extrapolated from his recollections of being there, though they do not necessarily cover strictly accurate events in the life of O’Brien. Instead, the mood and atmosphere of O’Brien’s experiences is projected onto this semi-autobiographical group of characters, creating a stylized world in which people, places ...

Assignment #1: Short Literary Essay

Question #4 on Charlotte’s Web
The child reader of E.B. White’s Charlotte’s Web learns three lessons from Wilbur, Charlotte, and Templeton. The three lessons are trust from Wilbur, appearances from Templeton, and parental love from Charlotte. The plot involves keeping Wilbur from being sent to the slaughter house. Wilbur is helped by two unlikely friends: a spider and a rat.
The book teaches trust. From Wilbur, the child reader learns about trust and vulnerability. The child reader will identify with Wilbur’s being sent to the slaughter for the child will see in Wilber their inability ...

English 106

Introduction
“What Love is,” was the most searched phrase on Google in the year 2012. It indeed is a feeling, like hunger, thirst. Love is an emotional need than a physical thus it is difficult to quantify it and say how much would be enough and how much will be more. Love is believed to be a tool that humanity thrives on a feeling of security, support, and most importantly the want to live life. It can be in most cases auspicious and can induce positive human behavior but then it has many negative aspects as well. People lose control on their ...

Various methods of studying classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is the simplest form of learning that occurs by developing a relation between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS). It refers to a learning situation that can be traced to Ivan P. Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical experiments. Classical conditioning is also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response (UR) is evoked by a preceding neutral stimuli (CS). The neutral conditioned stimulus begins to induce a response. It indicates the basic concept of classical conditioning and the response induced, after learning, by the conditioned stimulus is called Conditioned response (CR).

Eyeblink Conditioning: This is ...

Frames are “principles of selection, emphasis and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exists, what happens, and what matters." (Frames are not "bias.") I. Identify repeated patterns in news coverage, using various techniques A. Read a lot of news coverage of a particular story and/or theme B. Look for broad forms of emphasis or selection, such as 1. headlines 2. what is put first and what left for later in a story 3. placement of stories in the news (front page vs. page 20; top of the newscast vs. bottom) C. Look for master narratives or themes 1. who are ...

The freedom of expression is one of the rights and freedoms that are expressed in each and every democratic state and nation across the world. However, its application and implementation is differently viewed and applied in different nations depending with the respective countries’ constitutions and governmental organization. However, its implementation has been differently viewed and applied, especially, considering the fact that the freedom of expression and communication has led to various outcomes and impacts in different countries and states, whereby in most of the cases have led to incitement of the majority (the greater and the minor majority, alike). ...

The ancient Greeks were the first people to initiate the study of the human mind and behaviour. This was the inception of the subject of psychology (Malone, 2009). It was until the 1870’s that this study became independent and was denoted as psychology. In the quest of understanding the human mind and behaviours, various theories were developed. This paper will analyse some of the theories of psychology.

Behaviourism

This is one of the earliest theories of psychology developed by John Watson and Skinner among others. It studies the observable behaviours of humans and animals. Initially, psychology could not make ...

Extended Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats Results in a Selective Reduction of Dopamine Transporter Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum Not Accompanied by Marked Monoaminergic Depletion [Article Summary]

Abstract

The study sought to unravel whether prolonged self administration of methamphetamine interferes with the level of dopamine and serotonin in rats. The rats were place in a lit chamber in which they were allowed to self administer meth. The researchers regulated the duration of the self administration session to achiever long and short access which the main variables in the experiment. The researchers discovered that long and short access to meth result ...

Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a special form of learning, where conditioned stimulus (CS) signals occurrence of another stimulus, called unconditioned (US). US is often chosen in a form of stimulus that is significant from biological standpoint, because it can elicit response from the very beginning, which means that it is unconditioned response (UR). CS, in its turn, results in no special response from the beginning, but after conditioning takes place, this type of stimulus elicits conditioned type of response (CR).
One of the basic concepts in this form of learning is pairing – stimuli are usually paired to achieve the necessary outcome. ...

The Black Death was one of the most devastating episodes of plague to ever hit Europe; in the late 1340s, the Black Death raged through towns and cities.1 How the plague began, the vectors of the plague, how it spread, who it affected, as well as the social, political, and economic ramifications of the plague are all important topics to explore in understanding the overall impact of The Black Death during that time to western society.
Many researchers believe the Black Death began in somewhere in China in the late 1930s, where its natural hosts, “various species of ...

The appearance of birds, planes and the aspect of flying is a motif hat has been repeated in many of the songs. The appearance of these birds in the song Good Bye Blue sky is metaphorical. It is a representation of a long period of war and lack of peace. The blue sky is a representation of a sad phase of life. The saying goodbye means that the writer is expecting a new dawn, a period of happiness and stability.
The sounds of chirping birds can be heard in the film. The music is powerful and catchy. This is a representation of renewed strength for the ...

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Abstract

Different theorists have come up with different ways of assessing and demystifying the issue of hate crimes. Many of them have proposed theories that have been used in detailing what happens when a certain choice is made in place of another. For example, in the case Sigmund Freud’s theory, it is noted that individuals are faced with a psychological choice on either to fulfill their inner desire of pleasure without regard on the consequences or to become socially conscious in every decision made including the actions taken. Skinner (1978) on the other have focuses on ...