Reciprocity College Essays Samples For Students

Reciprocity and Exchange can be hard to establish and maintain if either party believes they are in control. Similarly, highly cooperative individuals may find it difficult understanding the importance of both concepts in social arrangements. Marcel Mauss’ The Gift uses the value of reciprocity and exchange as part of building unity and continuity for human social arrangements. The book’s analysis of archaic communities shows how objective exchange can help establish and maintain relationships between groups.
In archaic societies, Mauss establishes evidence that early communities existed around the obligation to give, receive, and reciprocate for social continuity. Exchange systems ...

Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory forms the basis for understanding and modeling the reasons why people make decisions or perform actions that lead to specific results and for prediction of their decisions and actions under specific circumstances. The roots of rational choice theory lie in political and classical economic theories. Its sociological use is innovative as allows to explain how social interactions influence people’s decisions and shape social order. However, rational choice theory is criticized for several reasons including over-rationalization of human thoughts, modernism, and ignoring of the social determinants. This critic seems well argued, as social behavior does not ...

Abstract

With the passage of time, the perceptions regarding primate studies have changed drastically. The initial studies on primates were focused towards the structural similarities between human beings and apes. However, with time, the studies also focused on behavioral and biological similarities among these species. Cooperation is a common phenomenon in human beings and primates. However, human cooperation exceeds the level of cooperation in primates because of the variety of cooperative strategies used by them. Furthermore, the cooperation among human beings and primates also differ in terms of the cognitive skills possessed by them.

Introduction

This paper has discussed changes in the ...

AbstractIt is hard for a starting business to get customers or clients. It is true especially when the marketing budget is little. Having the right service or product that you are positive will draw customers to your business is not quite enough. Clients will not just find you on your website or location only because one has begun to sell a service or a product. Most business holders have to go frequently on hunting missions to find clients and maintain them.
The objective of new business owners is how to attain new clients. To get enough clients, it all depends on ...

Utility and sub game perfection

Ultimatum Game is an appropriate paradigm that investigates the discord between social motives like fairness and self-interest. UG bases on the assumption that bargainers maximize their outcome. The acceptance of the smallest offer can yield high outcomes and the alternative of refusing means no outcome at all. The social utility model implies that the utility of the outcome depends on both payoffs. The study aims to identify factors that can affect the relative importance in making UG.
A strong reciprocity model in the evolution of human cooperation gains acceptance because of support and experimental findings. An observation that unfair ...

Dr. Robert B. Cialdini proposed six principles of influence to apply consumer behavior. The principles actually depict the science behind consumer behavior and change management. Here are some ways in which the principles of Reciprocity and Social Proof apply to consumer behavior.

Reciprocity: Give something to get something in return

Reciprocity is Cialdini’s first principle of influence and states that there is an innate tendency of humans to return favors or treat others the way we have been treated by them. We feel obliged on paying back our debts in some way or the other. For instance, a practical internet blog provides its readers useful information ...

In management influencing and politics are important in ensuring that goals are achieved to the required standards by team. The article talks about using three elements of management namely Reciprocity, Networking and negotiation for an organization manager to achieve their goals and ensure that the organization meets its intended goals. Reciprocity in management can be defined as whereby one creates an obligation to others to get work done. In this case a manager may give the employees some favors and as payback the employees will be obligated to repay by abiding to the request and managerial requirements of the manager. ...

A hunter-gatherer society is defined as a society in which most of its food is acquired from wild plants and animals. This is different to agricultural societies that rely on domesticated animals and home grown vegetables. Hunting and gathering traces its roots to the earliest humans, that is the Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Collin Turnbull’s “The Forest People” studies the last group of Central Africa pygmies. The pygmies are one of the few remnants of the hunting and gathering cultures in existence today (Turnbull 11). Evidence points out that the pygmies are descendants of the original human inhabitants ...

In Roszak’s text, he seeks to discover exactly why religious mysticism has disappeared from modern society. According to him, the “energies of transcendence” have vanished from our culture, which has incredible effects on how we live our lives. He states that religions sensibilities have been excised in order to make room for urban industrial development and the advancement of technology. The increasing secularization of our culture has stemmed from an idealism stating that we can do things on our own, and that we do not need pie-in-the-sky figures to help us along the way. There is no feeling ...

Happiness is a notion, which is widely discussed since it is cannot de described exactly. Different people have different understanding of the term. But one thing is for sure that it is reflection of one’s good deeds on others, return of a favor in other words.
Reciprocity is returning the favor on the one hand, but can be vengeance on the other. This is the natural feeling, which makes the human complete when he returns the favor or takes vengeance, whereas incomplete and depressed if he can’t. Empathy is also one of the descriptions of reciprocity from ...

The task herein includes a two-part essay of a recruitment letter composition, and commentary. The perspective aligns from a recruiting officer of the Caucus for the Abolition of Free Clothing attire (CAFC), designed for IDC students to join and support the unpopular agenda. Forbidden are incentives, bribes, free offers and such in effort of seeking to eliminate distractions in college classrooms by the requirement of wearing IDC uniforms. Six different strategies will exclude deception and balance theory, but include: (1) perceptual contrast, (2) door in the face [DITH], (3) foot in the door [FITD], (4) attractiveness, (5) liking, and ( ...

Mike, one of my friends, had a birthday last month, and his father presented him a gift that Mike had always dreamt about. For his birthday, he received a black high-powered Chevy Camaro from his father. Definitely, it was a great birthday present from one of Mike's closest people.At first sight, it seems that the primary motivation of Mike's father was making his son the happiest person in the world by giving this amazing present. However, another motivation could be that Mike's parents were going to get divorced, and Mike's father wanted Mike to take his side in conflict.Birthday ...

Abstract

Grandmother caring is a common phenomenon in many families of US. It has become a heated topic in almost every household because it concerns a problem that every family faces, that is, child raising. Many grandmothers in US offer care for their grandchildren. The queries are; are they all totally willing to do so, or do other social factors compel them? In my opinion, the grandmothers are driven by both the joy and responsibility, and cultural expectations and pressures from social and interpersonal realities or their life histories. The degrees of expectations and realities that pressure the grandmothers are ...

Section 1: Benefits and Problems of Group Decision-Making in Organisations

Introduction
In a globalised market, organisations with the capability to recognise and understand as well as rapidly respond to emerging issues and opportunities are likely to have the greatest chance of retaining their competitiveness and profitability in the long term (Chakraborty et al., 2013). Group decision-making is a process of arriving at a response to issues and opportunities based on the participation of several individuals working as a collective (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2013). Reaching a group decision is not easy. Due to the important role of group-decision making to the success and longevity of the organisation, the discussion provides ...

The critical importance of morality in leadership lays not in the highest standard of behavior it can set; but in the disastrous outcomes it can prevent, or at least, help prevent. The problem, however, is in the relativistic environment it has to deal with. Relativism has no standard, other than the standard of the individual. And, in the corporate world, that standard often rests in the position of power. Anyone in power has the official incentive to impose personal standards (“individualistic morality”) upon others. That, however, does not mean that a morality based on personal standards is morality at ...

Introduction

“Eating Christmas in the Kalahari” (1969) and “The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari” (1968) are two articles by Lee Richard Borshey that detail the everyday life of the Kung bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. The author spent some time living and interacting with members of this community and learnt a lot about their way of life. His experiences shed light on some of the characteristics that define different societies including adaptive strategies, means and modes of production, division of labor and reciprocity.
One of the most interesting thing that comes out in the article “The Hunters; Scarce Resources ...

Where the Wasteland Ends by Roszak

Roszak’s book is about the political life and its many religious dimensions. He argues that one cannot possibly and adequately talk of politics without referring to religion. What Roszak is referring to here is not the commonly known religion, but rather what he refers to as the Old Gnosis, or what he calls mysticism. The author aimed to discover how this type of religion was eliminated from many cultures, and how this elimination affected the lives of the society and the politics within that society. Roszak is of the opinion that the repression of many religious dimensions has ...

Central to Book V of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of the correlation between not only laws and justice but also the one that exists between a combination of the two and virtue. Apparently, no matter how one looks at a given situation, there are high chances that he or she is both right and wrong simply because justice is a complex phenomenon. Notably, the man’s assertion of just people does not stem from small actions or situations that either show or compel an individual to act in a just manner. On the contrary, as Aristotle ...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the traditional institution of trade and economics among the Trobriand Islanders. The primary focus is on the symbolic interpretation of the acts involved in the kula ring and in yam production, display and distribution. The first section of the paper explains the kula ring and how it operated in Trobriand society at the time of the first ethnographic description of the Trobrianders by Malinowski in 1914. The second section examines how social hierarchy is expressed in trade within the kula ring. The third section looks at the difference between symbolic gift ...

One most important challenge I identified negotiation process is inter-group trust. Notably, our workgroup has made numerous initial assumptions and offered multiple proposals prior to first, scheduled negotiation round. In so doing, our workgroup has attempted to perform an in-depth SWOT analysis and information-gathering activities in order to avoid a sense of clueless during actual negotiations. However, our group members and I have failed to properly consider for trust between negotiating parties.
If anything, trust and specific qualities are not built over one day. Predictably, given our workgroup members are hardly known to one another before our group formation, ...

Food is a fundamental necessity of life and therefore becomes a rich conveyor of cultural traditions and norms and attracts patterns of symbolic significance much like a magnet, for example, who is entitled to eat with whom, and when, and how food is to be shared. The cultural understandings surrounding the sharing of food illuminates social dynamics by distinguishing cohesive social units and social distance. Indeed, it can be said that a culture is encoded in the expectations of behavior associated with the communal act of dining. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical continuity of ...

Criminal justice is one of the most important aspects on today’s political and social agendas of the United States of America. The practice shows that the American criminal justice system in general and the law enforcement framework in particular is one of the most effective and productive in the world (McElreath, p. 98). Statistically, the ratio of successfully investigated crimes is somewhat higher than in the majority of Asian countries, much higher than in Africa and goes on a par with the European countries. Yet, our world is dynamically changes. Thus, organizational systems, as well as organizational behavior ...

Spring in a Small Town is a Chinese film directed by Fei Mu in 1948, right after the Second World War. The marriage life of the main film characters, Liyan Dai and Yuwen Zhou, has been affected by the disastrous war. This movie represents how their marriage life is further turbulent during the visit of Liyan’s friend Zhichen Zhang, who was once Yuwen’s past lover. Although spring was criticized during the Communist revolution for its petit-bourgeois decadence, researchers find that many Confucian principles are embedded in this film. For instance, in the drinking scene at the birthday ...

Training remains a critical component of HR functions. By offering proper professional development at different job levels (entry, middle management or executive), a staff member is not only able to maintain an up-to-date knowledge of most recent career developments but also, more significantly, will be able to pursue a meaningful career in different organizational contexts. The case for professional development, particularly for entry-level workers, has acquired more significance in recent years for a unique demographic reason. The evolution of what is currently being referred to as "Millennials" has come to shift paradigms in different social, economic and political contexts, ...

Theories of liberalism, realism and Marxism evolved at the different historical periods and have a large number of conceptual differences. First and foremost, each theory has a different goal. Marxism is mainly concerned with the class equity. Realism targets the state security. On the contrary, liberalism is more positive and targets beneficial bilateral or multilateral cooperation and consequent increase of the wealth.
Marxism emerged in the XIX century. In general, this theory was focused on the interests of the workers as the largest class of the society. For Marxists, the state is a non-neutral structure that represents the interests ...

Art and Politics

Life has become lot more complicated than what it was ever before in the history of mankind. Probably, even in comparison to as late as the last fifty years, life today is far more complex, communicative, and all life events seem to happen in real time. Today, there is so much knowledge about everything and knowledge is virtually free.
Knowledge no longer endows a strategic advantage on the holder of knowledge. There is so much complexity that everything seems specialize. Knowledge is so freely available today that everyone acquires it at all levels and therefore carry an opinion of ...

1. "No Losers" Strategy

Mandela’s “No Losers” Strategy is based on his philosophy of forgiveness and reconciliation so as to heal the wounds of apartheid. Boraine claims that the Truth and Reconciliation process aimed at democratic transformation and justice but this justice was not going to be retributive justice. The focus is on healing the victims and the ruptured society.
After the decision to dismantle apartheid and change of power, the issue of dealing with the apartheid crimes gained currency. There was a strong opinion lead by Kader Asmal in favor of “a South African equivalent of Nuremberg trials” ( ...

Final Essay:

Explain East Asian moral theory and practice.
East Asian moral theory and practice derives heavily from Confucianism, which is a way of thinking that focuses much on several moral aspects. Confucianism in itself possesses key tenets on maintaining a moral life, ensuring propriety at all times, determining behavioral patterns and providing directions in everyday life and in society through a sensible set of guidelines. Thus, it is important to study Confucian moral theory and practice in further understanding societal virtues in East Asia, particularly as it provides communities and society with a set of basic structures, grants adequate orientation to people as ...

Apparently, prevalence of a particular pandemic illness host and foster the emergence of various ethical considerations. In this way, the policy makers are left with the obligation of applying the significance of these ethics. In an effort to formulate policies that will be deemed appropriate and valid base on the context of a given pandemic illness. With the above said, this paper seek to establish the importance of ethics to the process of policy making regarding pandemic outbreak and other future pandemic issues.
Firstly ethics is of utmost significance in policy making essentially because it encourages fairness and respect to ...

The cultural identity of a civilization is the utmost important factor in the comprehension of the nature of the community as it represents “the totality of ideas” and behaviors which the people who live in that community share. One needs to comprehend what cultural conflict is in the context of learning more about the culture of the communities across the globe. The conflict is a purposeful action on the part of two or more parties who are in a competitive situation. Such situations can even come into existence without the conscious awareness of the conflict among the players. Incompatibility is the primary ...

The key ingredient for treading toward a better future is through the apotheosis of democracy across the entire globe. The concept of democracy and democratization is closely intertwined with the civil society. The civil society constitutes the life and blood of the system in question. Thus, the government and the civilians have to work together to ensure the success of the democratic process. Any impediments in the way of working together would mean that the democratic structure would get weakened and the very basic aim of democracy would not be achieved. The American society has seen a gradual fall in civic ...

[Author’s Name]
[Institutional Affiliation]
Virtual Realism can be considered a form of art, an emotional response or a means of existing with up-to-the-minute technology. In view of the fact that the personal computers are now an integral part of the contemporary lifestyle, the residences and workplaces have all the time more fainted as screens are bright with glowing colors. Virtual reality has become the language and standard of living. However, such technological advancements prevailing in the society have stirred a debate regarding the times to come. The people who idealize networking and support virtual communities are in favor of ...

Ethical Issues in Marketing

Introduction
Marketing is an essential function in any business. Marketing without ethics would result in unmoral business. Faced with conflicting pressures, marketing managers may make compromises that include unethical business. Often, such decisions can be rationalized: an inadequately tested product has to be brought to market quickly to beat competition and payments via a third party to organized crime may protect the company's employees as well as its distribution channels (Smith & Quelch, 1996)

Identify ethical issues in marketing

The four P's of marketing: product, price, promotion and placement involve several ethical issues. Product, for example, raises obvious concerns about product safety, but the social ...

Describe the factors of attraction. What attracts us to one another? Why are we less likely to befriend someone from another culture than someone from a similar background with a similar physical aesthetic? Be sure to identify and describe all six factors in attraction.
Psychology of attraction is a complex and interesting kind of psychology, which provides people with answers to many important questions that are necessary to be understood by everyone seeking for harmonious relationships. In order to understand what attracts people to one another, it is necessary to describe six main factors of attraction.
The first of them ...

As earlier discussed, we anticipated starting a casual Friday in our work place and we were promised that it will be put to effect. But our superiors are hesitant as they are not sure of the effect of casual Fridays on our clients, they are however yet to give us the green light on the matter.
And just to enlighten those who do not know the difference, a casual Friday means wearing business casual. This means we can wear dress shoes, casual blouses, smart casual dresses, jeans or T-shirt.you can also come without ties; however Aloha shirts, sneakers, track jackets, ...

In writing a persuasive memo there are certain principles that must be used so that the audience can be captured, undecided swayed, and opponents converted. According to Bowman there are four principles that must be used by a writer in order to come up with a first class persuasive memo. The principles are: motivation, lead, pace, and blending outcomes (Bowman 1). Furthermore, Cialdini proposed six other principles which are liking, praise, reciprocity, social proof, consistency, and authority all which are essential ingredients for a concrete persuasive memo (25).
The principle of liking which says that people like those like them, who like ...