Stimulus College Essays Samples For Students

Classical Conditioning

According to Basford and Slevin (2003), classical conditioning relates to the normal-unlearned stimulus-response, which is normally experienced during reflex actions. The result is that a subject exposed to the neutral stimuli will respond in a similar manner as when exposed to the unconditioned stimuli. Examples include having lunch at noon and taking a bath in the morning. Extinction of classical conditioning occurs when the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is stopped.

Components of Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus; this refers to a stimulus, which does not generate any response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus: this refers to a stimulus, which can generate response automatically.
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Introduction

Everyday questions about people, how they think and behave take center stage. Understanding behavior and mannerisms are the purposes of psychology. Understanding behavior facilitates the comprehension of self. Further analysis purports the idea of not only predicting behavior, but also manipulating it. The ability to manage and manipulate behavior is a powerful tool and as with any power misuse can occur. If wielded properly, it can help advance human civilization by managing characteristics that are self-destructive and cultivating ones that are beneficial.

Description and Contrast

The manner in which people behave is dependent of the learning processes they undergo. One acquires knowledge, accumulates ...

Critical Thinking

Chapter 5
Learning is the processes of relatively permanent changes in behavior achieved after repetition or experience. Classical conditioning on the other hand is widely defined as the behavioral modification that a subject develops after previously repeated neutral stimulus that evokes a certain desired response. A Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in the early 20th century accidentally (Ciccarelli 2008). Certain elements are as the distinct characteristics of classical conditioning. The first is Neutral Stimulus (NS), which is a stimulus that does not induce a response. Unconditional Stimulus (US) is another stimulus that is innately capable of eliciting a response. Conditioned Stimulus ( ...

Introduction

The great recession is believed to have started toward the end of 2007, and affected most economies. This was dubbed the great recession in the literature since it was mainly deep and prolonged, and therefore was regarded to be the worst recession since the great depression of 1930s. For years, the economists have not agreed on the causes of the great recession nor have they agreed on the correct policy response to the subsequent recession. This made several governments introduce significant stimulus programs in an attempt to reduce the economic impact of the recession. Similarly, the increase in government ...

Introduction

The way people behave depends on their learning processes; the learning process involves the acquisitions, accumulation, and use of knowledge in everyday experiences. The two significant theories in the learning process are classical and operant.

Elements of classical and operant conditioning

In operant conditioning, a reinforcing stimulus follows a voluntary response. Due to the reinforcement, the voluntary stimulus is likely to be repeated by the person. The reinforcement acts as a stimulus which increases the chance of a repeat in behavior. The process of operant conditioning is efficient only when the voluntary response is immediately followed by the reinforcement; this helps the subject in perceiving the relationship between the ...

Classical conditioning

This psychological concept is a four-level learning procedure that involves reflexes. Ivan Pavlov was the first to study the Classical conditioning after raising curiosity about his laboratory dogs when they began salivating before food was actually in their mouths (Coon, p. 261). He further discovered that if he used an appropriate sequence of events, the dogs would salivate at the sound of a buzzer or the appearance of a light. The Classical conditioning requires the existence of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response in the experimental subjects. It also requires a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response on the experimental subjects.

Example

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Behavioral Psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology that looks into how people or animals behave the way they behave. Although, behavioral psychology is one of the foundations of psychology, teachers have observed that students find the topic a little difficult to understand. The topic tries to find an explanation why people or animals have their corresponding mental and physical reactions in response to certain stimuli. In behavioral psychology, the idea is that the behavior of people and animals can be both conditioned and results of either rewards or punishments applied to them. Further, it is also believed ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response.
A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Research Methods and Empiricism

Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that uses our senses to obtain knowledge and emphasizes on experience and evidence obtained through sensory perception. Empiricism, in the philosophy of science emphasizes the scientific knowledge that has got evidence, especially those discovered through experiments. It is the fundamental part of the scientific method that gives an opportunity for the hypotheses and theories to be formulated against observation.

There are some of the research methods and designs that go in tandem with the theory of empiricism in that they involve the use of senses to obtain knowledge. First, there is the observation method ...

The Recovery Act declared by President Obama’s administration was the reaction to 9 percent of unemployment in the United States indicated during the last decade (“Does Stimulus Spending Work?” 2). One of the possible solutions was to implement stimulus spending equal to the $447 billion bill, which was supposed to be spent on school modernization, improvement of transportation infrastructure, and funding teachers in local communities (“Does Stimulus Spending Work?” 2). Nevertheless, stimulus spending was highly criticized for its doubtful effectiveness to create job places and boost the national economy.
According to Robert Barro, a Harvard economist, financial transfers ...

Introduction

A phobia is an irrational fear to natural phenomenon such that it is abnormal as compared to the behavior of normal people. It is normally triggered by a specific stimulus and hence is a consequence of conditioning. An addiction is a dependence on a substance or action for acquisition of pleasure with little regard for the possible negative effects. Conditioning is the training of the human, or any animal’s, system to respond in a specific manner when exposed to a specific stimulus. It can be voluntary or involuntary on the part of the subject hence the two types of conditioning: operant and classical.

Discuss Phobias and Addictions as Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical ...

Learning allows our brains to record and preserve beneficial behaviors and know how to avoid harmful ones. The consequences of the experiences we have or observe are stored in our memory as knowledge to influence our future behavior. The paper explores behavior change through a focus on the learning theories; classical and operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

It is a form of learning in which the response to a voluntary behavior influences whether or not the behavior will recur; this occurs through the use of reinforcements and punishment. Following the experiments of B. F. Skinner, we can conclude that a person or ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

The Professor's name

In a daily routine life, people unconsciously learn by using classical and operant conditioning. The source of many fears, such as fear from animals and fear from public appearance is closely connected with the classical or operant conditioning. However, not only negative experiences are associated with conditioning, but positive one as well. Classical and operant conditioning are essential for understanding the close connection between our inner self and the surrounding.
One of the elementary principles of learning is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning where, in time, one stimulus takes over the possibility of ...

When the majority of people living in America hear the term “stimulus package,” they think of tax rebate checks, various tax cuts and the like – things that are utilized in an economic recession to help struggling citizens weather the storm until greener pastures can be reached. To a large extent, this is accurate; this is the modern definition of a stimulus package. However, there is a lot more to a stimulus package than just free money – in fact, the money is coming out of someone’s pockets eventually, just not right then, or in that specific way. In fact, there is a further emotional ...

Media Consumption and Materialism/Consumerism

Globally, consumption and materialism have become a fundamental component of the prevailing culture. Humans consume a myriad of products and resources that extend beyond their basic necessities to include technological innovations and luxuries aimed at improving efficiency and quality of life. Throughout history, consumption beyond basic needs has served as a method of boosting human happiness. Hence, excessive consumption does not necessarily pose harm to human life (Shah). Increasingly, however, important issues regarding media consumption and materialism have emerged in recent decades. As such, this study examines the neuroscience of human emotions, the use of recreational substances, and the ...

The article by Ike Brannon and Chris Edwards (2009) analyses and criticizes the federal government’s intentions to execute a fiscal stimulus plan to inject $800 billion into the U.S. economy to fuel economic growth. This plan positioned Barack Obama and the key policymakers as the modern representatives of the Keynesian economic views, which appear to be highly controversial from the viewpoint of history and modern economic theory.

The founder of this movement, John Maynard Keynes, actively pushed it in the 1930s. His key ideas implied that massive financial inflows from the government could fuel economic growth through reduction of ...

In psychology, there is a learning theory that states that as we learn, we adjust the manner in which we perceive our environment and the manner in which we interpret the incoming stimuli. Consequently, all this alters the way we interact, or behave. It is from this theory that one learns about behaviorism. The latter is the study or our behaviors after exposure to given stimuli within the environment. This helps us in understanding the effects given stimuli have on us.
In the learning theory, we have classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, one learns to associate one ...

About five years ago, I had an unpleasant experience while driving with my friends. We got in a car and drove all over the city. At one point, while I was sitting in the back seat, a friend who was driving caused an accident. Fortunately, nobody was injured. However, I got very scared and couldn’t calm down for a while. Soon after that a friend offered to drive me home and I had to sit in the back. When I entered the car, I felt enormous fear. This can be explained by classical conditioning. In fact, this is a special type of classical ...

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

In Behavioral Psychology, the term ‘conditioning’ is used to refer to a theory that learning can allow a human being or animal to modify the response (reaction) to a stimulus (event/object) (Hill, 2001). There are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning with distinct characteristics. When the two types are contrasted, it is easily noticeable that both approaches involve diverse learning patterns. As far as classical conditioning is concerned, it involves “learning by association, and refers to the conditioning of reflexes – how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes” (Hill, 2001). According to operant ...

Introduction

The true nature of classical conditioning lies in the responding with some action for some stimulus caused by artificial cause. The earliest researches of classical conditioning were conducted by Russian scientists Pavlov, who proved that if we ring the bell every time before we feed the dog, it associate the bell with the process of feeding, so in some period of such a repeated action the dog starts drooling as the same stimulus make him think that he is going to be fed now (Schmajuk, 2008). So in simple words, the classical conditioning is about attaching one stimulus from ...

Part A

The video of cognitive robot XCR-1, featured five characteristics of the sentient beings, and demonstrated a machine too can learn simple associations. The robot XCR-1 is a three-wheeled robot, without an envelope that gives a shape and form, with gripping hands, with multiple sensory capabilities and with a capacity to produce words. The robot has limited motor capacity (gripping, moving forward/ backward, talking and touching), but has excellent sensory systems for visual, auditory, touch, pain and tap stimulus. Obviously it has been created for studies and experiments in the field of machine learning. The experiment pioneered by Dr. Haikonen illustrates five behavioral phenomena ...

In Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (2012), Coon and Mitterer write, “The principles of operant conditioning [] are among the most powerful tools in psychology” (pg. 226). The definition of operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reinforcement increases the probability of a response. A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Operant conditioning is explains much day-to-day behavior. Every individual lives his or her life according to the reinforcement they receive after performing an action. This kind of learning is operant conditioning—“learning based on the consequences of responding” (Coon & Mitterer, ...

Introduction

The term affective valence can be viewed and defined according to its ability to influence the thinking capability and the reaction towards the surrounding world. In addition to this, it is concerned with the speed the mind can visualize objects and be able to draw significant affective content of the same. The affective valence is divided into evasiveness and attractiveness of the particular event or object in discussion. Moreover, affective valence can also be used to describe specific emotions into a specific object of interest. The difference between affective valence and emotional valence does not exist. Affective valence is defined ...

My informal learning experience is connected with the death of close relatives form cancer. Given the rise of cancer and the deteriorating environment, the use of carcinogens in the food industry, fear of cancer cannot be considered unreasonable. In my case it went beyond common sense and became a phobia. My cancerophobia is very closely linked with the fear of death. Everyone knows that according to the statistics, cancer takes the third place among the causes of death (after injuries and cardiovascular diseases). So my informal learning experience is a manifestation of psychogenic reaction to the death of loved ...

Introduction

In the past decade, there has been significant research on the theme of stress and its association with the scientific environment. Stress is associated with a range of negative effects on an individual’s life and also has significant implications on the quality of life. Stress has been observed among various healthcare staff, especially nursing professionals. The co-relation of stress with work and the profession has been a major focus in recent times. In the public health care domain, stress has been used many times, though inappropriate and inconsistent. Studies in health care have focused on the clinical stress and intention ...

Conditioning indeed forms the basis for some of the character traits and attributes that people display. It is one thing for a fact that behavior is learnt from both conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. There is always a sequential relationship between a certain kind of behavior and the happenings that prompted the said behavior. The sequence becomes engraved in a person and ends up producing the same result over again. Thus learning a behavior occurs under these circumstances. Out of all the facts given about the Pavlovian applications, the most interesting research findings center on how conditioning can be used to identify people with certain ...

Various methods of studying classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is the simplest form of learning that occurs by developing a relation between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS). It refers to a learning situation that can be traced to Ivan P. Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical experiments. Classical conditioning is also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response (UR) is evoked by a preceding neutral stimuli (CS). The neutral conditioned stimulus begins to induce a response. It indicates the basic concept of classical conditioning and the response induced, after learning, by the conditioned stimulus is called Conditioned response (CR).

Eyeblink Conditioning: This is ...

Definition of the concept

Differential reinforcement, also known discrimination training, is the ability to expose a particular behavior in response to a specific stimulus situation and extinguish the very behavior in a different stimulus situation. The cue that generates the reinforcement is known as the differential stimulus or the discriminative stimulus; SD. A different cue would create extinction by not inducing the same behavior. The stimulus that does not result into reinforcement is denoted as s-delta. In essence, discriminative reinforcement is the training of the mind to distinguish and respond differently to various stimuli.

Example of the concept

Ken is a 4-year old boy. At night whenever Ken wants to sleep ...

In many fields of study on human anatomy and biological responses, most people have made it a task of psychologists to keenly engage in research on matters pertaining to brain or mental operations. This was expected to be more in anatomy and philosophy but these two disciplines moved this to psychology.
Sensation and perception are two very closely intertwined aspects in human life and behavioral studies. To begin with, sensation can be defined as the process of receiving stimuli from the environment. From a simpler perspective, a change in temperature creates a sensation through the skin which is interpreted by the brain ...

In this experiment, students were asked to accurately guess how allergic Mrs. X was to a particular type of food. Phase 1 allowed participants to randomly guess the allergy level of a food without any prior notice of how susceptible Mrs. X was to each food, only learning after they had guessed. The lack of reinforcement of the correct answer for A in phase 1 made it less likely to remember it in phase 2, whereas they had time to get the right answer in their minds for cue B.

This leads to the conclusion in the results that reinforcement is ...

As you requested, I have prepared a brief advisory of economic conditions in the U.S. and my advice on how to improve the overall economic picture of the U.S. From a broad perspective your country has come out of a recession, which is technically defined as two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. While this is itself a good thing, the recovery from the recession has been the slowest recovery in post WW2 history. As a result, unemployment continues to be high, with the lowest workforce participation rates in modern history. The number of Americans seeking assistance from the government continues to grow, putting ...

Human behaviour is one of the most studied subjects in the world today. The complexity of human behaviour has elicited a colossal amount of research by psychologists seeking to understand some of the behavioral trends exhibited by human beings. Consequently, these psychologists have advanced several theories that explain some of the fundamental aspects of human behaviour. Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable human behaviour. Theories of behaviorism emphasize behavioral changes that result from a stimulus-response association that is made by a learner. The proponents of this theory regard all human behaviour as a sort of response to natural stimuli (Becker, 1963). The immediate ...

Watson’s experiment was one of the most interesting experiments on classical conditioning. It has been the reference of conditioning experiments that help psychologists understand behavior acquirement. The main aim was to show the empirical evince of classical conditioning. The methodology used had a clear background that established the child’s inherent or previously learned fears. This added credibility to the whole experiment. The preliminary test of Albert’s baseline fears presented an authentic knowledge of his nature.
When Albert was introduced to a rat, he initially showed no fear. He tended to move towards it and even touched it. ...

Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a special form of learning, where conditioned stimulus (CS) signals occurrence of another stimulus, called unconditioned (US). US is often chosen in a form of stimulus that is significant from biological standpoint, because it can elicit response from the very beginning, which means that it is unconditioned response (UR). CS, in its turn, results in no special response from the beginning, but after conditioning takes place, this type of stimulus elicits conditioned type of response (CR).
One of the basic concepts in this form of learning is pairing – stimuli are usually paired to achieve the necessary outcome. ...

Mental imagery and cognitive maps are both very important cognitive process that are used by almost every human on a daily basis. As top-down processes, they both do not require sensory perception; however, they both activate the parts of the human brain that are also used during bottom-down processing. Both processes are currently under research, as scientists have not yet developed a clear picture about the processes involved in storing and alteration of mental images, as well as formation and perception of cognitive maps.

Mental imagery is “the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present” (Matlin ...

- When sensory receptor is stimulated it tends to produce neural impulses, which is interpreted as sound by the brain. This is referred as sensation while perception when one interprets and organizes information into a something meaningful by the aid of brain. When these two processes occur sensation is converted to a perception. Perception can be said to be interpretation of mental process to give meaning to sensation.
- Priming is process by which stimulus influences a response to later stimulus due to implicit memory effect.
- Absolute threshold is when stimulation is in it minimum amount which is required ...

PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

Psychologists have come up with different theories working towards the human brain and their behavior in relation to various things including their everyday living in relation to the environment. Different ideas/efforts worked at different times in different situations as opposed to the way they were set up. Among a number of theorists and psychologists, Sigmund Freud worked on a theory basing his research on psychoanalytic perspectives, unconscious motives, wishes and urge, the five stages psychosocial development childhood experiences and dream analysis. Another was Ivan Pavlov working on the idea of classical conditioning, associative learning and stimulus – stimulus. He also researched on ...

Abstract

The paper is dedicated to the study of origin of behaviorism, its main principles and contribution that it made into psychology. To get the necessary information, literature review was conducted with the results of the studies analyzed so as to meet the purpose of the study. First, definition of behaviorism is provided, followed by description of three main periods that existed in the history of behaviorism – Watson’s behaviorism, Skinner’s neobehaviorism and social behaviorism. Then the main mistakes of behaviorism are defined and conclusion is made as to the contribution of behaviorism into psychology. In particular, it is ...

Question 1

This theory stresses the importance of learning. According to Dollard and Miller, one must want something (the drive), notice something (the cue), do something (the response), and get something (the reward), in order to learn. In other words, learning is realized through drive, cue, response, and reward. Human beings are born with a set of innate needs; the need for food, oxygen, water, and warmth, among others. These needs must be satisfied in order for the human being to remain alive. While the needs may be inherited, meeting the needs requires learning. At birth and when still young, human beings ...

What happens with a patient who develops a cataract?

A cataract is the opacification of the crystalline lens in the eye. In a patient with cataract, there is progressive loss in the transparency of the crystalline lens; this is due to changes in the density of the epithelial cells. There is also a derangement in the fiber of the lens cells. Lens transparency can also be because of deposition of minute epithelial masses of apoptotic lens tissue in the substance of the lens leading to disruption of the internal homeostatic mechanism of the lens and accelerating the process of cataract formation. (Vincente Ocampo, 2012)

Cataract initially leads to an increase ...

Evolution of Keynesian Theory in the US Economy

For the purpose of understanding the evolution of Keynesian Theory in the US economy, it is eminent to understand Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics is based on the ideas the English economist John Maynard Keynes.
According to Keynesian economics, private sector decision leads to inefficient macroeconomics and thus argues actively in favor of policy made by the government, specially the actions by the central banks and the fiscal policy measures by the central government.
Keynesian theory was more of a socialist one and fanatically defending the free markets as the same time. Keynesian economics warns against the practice of ...

a) Explain why the effort of hormonal (Endocrine ) control tends to be slow whereas nervous control is usually very fast.

Endocrine control is normally slower when compared to nervous control majorly because hormones once released by the endocrine gland have to travel via the circulation to reach their target receptors on the effector organ which generally takes more time. Meanwhile, information relayed by nerves is in form of impulses (that is, action potentials generated due to electrical excitation produced by a change in the charge across the surface membrane of the neuron evoked by the stimuli) that simply travel along the ...

Austerity Policy Measures in the UK

Introduction
The process of putting into place strategic measures with an aim of reducing of deficit and increasing economic growth in the United Kingdom has taken a paradigm shift from various aspects. The government of UK has put deficit reduction measures, which entail a series of strategically sustained reductions in public expenditure, undertaken towards a reduction of the government budget deficit and the UK’s welfare state. The design of this research paper is structured towards assessing the rationale on which the UK’s austerity policy is based with regards to deficit reduction and stimulation of economic growth (Burns, ...

There are many theories as to how a person may become who he or she is. Some people believe that they are directly shaped by the events that happen in a person’s past, while other thinkers state that people go through different dialectical stages that led up to one’s current state. In this sense, there are many elements that one must be aware of in order to adequately analyze one’s life development.
Three of the most important development theorists are B. F. Skinner, John Watson and Erik Erikson; these three men founded Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism and ...

The human brain is a complex organ tasked with different cognitive functions. There are various categories of mental processes among them include, thought, perception and attention. The brain is able to perform several tasks simultaneously; the cognitive functions of the brain, which are both voluntary and non-voluntary, can happen at a go. However when performing specific tasks, and especially those that require concentration more of our attention is required.
Research has shown that even the slightest distraction in the fraction of a second can make quite an impact on our lives. Whether one is out driving, or even something ...

Prior to the Great Depression policy makers in the United States generally tended to accept that business cycles happened and in accord with Adam Smith's "invisible hand," tended to be self-correcting. The stock market crash of 1929, and the more general problem of massive unemployment forced a reconsideration. Smiley (2008) and Bernstein (2016) both point out that the human face of the Depression left no choice but for some government intervention. Jahan and Papageorgiou (2014), discussing Keynesian Economics put it plainly: “The central tenet of this school of thought is that government intervention can stabilize the economy.” The centerpiece ...

Analysis of group cohesion and employee motivation at Google, Acuity and BCG

Introduction
Every year Fortune Magazine Conducts surveys in partnership with Great Place to Work to identify the 100 Best Companies to Work for in America.
In the Fortune’s annual list for 2016 of the 100 Best Companies to Work for Google was ranked one, Acuity held second place and the Boston Consulting Group held the third place (Fortune, 2016).

Employee motivation and group cohesion among employees in Google

Google is a famous company to foster employee motivation and group cohesion by implementing any strategies. The employees of Google are given free massages, food and many other perks. The company believes that is more important to determine that ...

Models of abnormality are frameworks that assist in explaining the behavioral, cognitive, biological and psychodynamics of individuals (Sue, Sue & Sue). Additionally, the models help to explain why illnesses occur and the treatments associated with these illnesses. Each model presents a different approach to resolving the psychological illness that an individual may be going through. For the purposes of this paper, the behavioral and cognitive models will be discussed, compared and contrasted.

Behavioral Model

The behavioral model in psychology is typically expressed as an alternative to the conventional medical frameworks that are used to explain individual behaviors. The therapies that are governed ...

One of the examples of classical conditioning in advertising is the ad by Unilever, also known as AXE, of one of its products.
The main hero in the video is a man using an AXE deodorant. The clipping begins with the fact that a boy sees something falling from the sky. This object appeared to be beautiful girl – an "angel". She fell onto a crowded square and people around began watching with interest. Then it turns out that she came down from heaven not alone. Similar things happen all over the city. People want to help the girls, but ...

Writing Assignment

Which school of psychology do you agree with most? In your paper (at least 5, well-written sentences), provide 3 reasons WHY you agree with it the most.
I agree most with the psychodynamic perspective among the schools of psychology. The school is oriented in believing that the human behavior is influenced by the different mental conflicts that are locked in the sub-conscience. The school of thought is more convincing because of the fact that the personality of an individual is inside the individual and is controlled by the interaction between the superego, the ego, and the id. Additionally, the ...

Abstract

There are many economies that have developed at a significant pace, such as Japan, and many economies that are flagging behind these countries, such as India. Is this development hindered or encouraged by internal and/or external factors? The question remains as to why certain countries are developing faster than others needs to explored, which is what the first half of this essay will do. An analysis will be conducted into how the role of the state, stimuluses for modernisation, social structure and cultural factors play their part in either hindering or encouraging development in these countries.
The interference of ...

Article Summary

On important objective of fiscal policy is to stabilize the economy from cyclical fluctuations. The countercyclical policies aim at preventing severe downturn of the economy. A recession leads to loss of jobs and severe retardation in growth. The financial crisis of 2008-09 that triggered the Great Recession was worst of its kind but was not for long as the government had taken timely and appropriate fiscal and monetary measures to prevent the economy from falling further into a trough. Without the heavy stimulus package the GDP would have fallen by 14 per cent but the fall could be arrested ...

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Introduction
The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough review of a scholarly article. Thus, this assessment of the article will illustrate how fear conditioning is at the core of the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety-related, mental disorder that can result from experiencing a life-threatening stressor (e.g., a car accident, natural disaster, war and combat, and all forms of abuse (Meyers et al., 2013).The source chosen are used to support how the formation of PTSD symptoms such as fear, anger, and anxiety are a product of classical conditioning (fear conditioning)(Duits ...

The initial methods of pairing a banging bar and a rat in terms of learning through classical condition refers to the Little Albert Experiment performed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner at Johns Hopkins University in the 1920s (Conditioned Emotional Reactions, 1920). This experiment was a case study details evidence of human classical conditioning and also evidence of stimulus generalization. The intent of this case study was to condition a sort of phobia in a child who proved to be rather emotionally stable. The researchers chose a nine-month old infant from a hospital who they called Albert. This ...

Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Behaviorism theories can be used to explain a learning process that will lead to an observable and measurable changes in the student’s behavior, which in this case is his ability to spell English words, correctly.
Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of ...

A. Behaviorism, Constructivism, and Cognitivism

According to some of the scientific theories, learning is a steady change of a human behaviour in a specific situation which results in gaining an experience. This definition helps us to distinguish three main approaches to learning. These approaches are: behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism.
The core of the approach of behaviourism lies in the increasing of the amount of observations. Such learning is successful when a person sees a certain perfect response for a specific stimulus for a few times.
In other words, behaviourism emphasizes that the results of such performances and the responses for the stimulus tend to ...

International Resort and Spa Management

Introduction 5
Findings and Analysis/Theoretical Implications 6
S-O-R Model 6
Wellness Theory 7
Motivation Theory 8
Cue Utilization Theory 10
Chinese Medical Theory 11
Conclusion 12

References 15

International Resort and Spa Management
Background and Problem Statement
There is an immense pressure for the Chief Executive Officer of the World Resorts Sensosa, Singapore to earn a 5-star rating on the next annual spa review. To make this goal more achievable the implementation of a new customer service management system called NEC in the Resort’s spa and salon. Management’s objective for the system was to enhance customer service by monitoring ...

The behavioral approach to psychology holds that human development is chiefly behavior learned through observation and the interaction with the environment around a person. The theories associated with behaviorism state that human development does not necessarily occur in stages; instead, it is a continuous process. In this regard, two main theories linked to the behavioral approach exist - B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. These two theories establish the perspective of the behavioral approach in explaining human development. Accordingly, the various concepts and terms of the two theories apply in explaining my choice ...