Surface College Essays Samples For Students

Introduction

James Webb’s Space Telescope referred to as the Mid-Infrared Instrument, or in other words, the MIRI, will show stars as well as galaxies in infrared light. The instrument is intended to play a vital role in NASA's space exploration (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1). Information collected by the device will contribute to researches regarding the progression of the universe as well as the exploration for the first-ever occurrence of star creation, or "first light." The Space Telescope is under observation and improvement and is aiming for a 2018 launch. Surface Water and Ocean Topography, on the other hand, is premeditated to ...

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Introduction
Ellipse is the locus of points of Euclidean plane for which the sum of the distances to two data points F1 and F2 (called foci) is constant and greater than the distance between the foci.
Bulk body is a body of revolution generated by the rotating flat geometrical figure bounded by a curve about an axis lying in the same plane.
Volume of the solid formed by rotation around the x axis of the figure bounded function f (x) on the interval [a; b], the x-axis and direct x = a and ...

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Introduction

System of road network is needed for any developed country and it is a vital part for infrastructure development.
Main subjects of this study are pavement defects such as alligator cracking, bleedings and potholes. Such pavement distress as potholes and alligator cracking cause serious negative effects and decrease the lifespan of pavement. Additionally, the safety on road is questioned due to bleedings of pavement since the friction between car and pavement significantly decreases, meaning that the braking path increases. This study is concentrated on studying ...

The hydrological cycle refers to the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. It mainly involves the processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, percolation, interception and runoff/overland flows. The main source of energy that drives the cycle is solar energy and therefore the main changes in energy involve changes in temperature. When surface water is heated, it gains energy and changes from liquid state to gaseous state. This results in a cooling effect to the surrounding region (Arctic Climatology and Meteorology) Transpiration also contributes in adding water vapor in the atmosphere; this is referred ...

Introduction

The atmosphere by delineation refers to the gaseous composition together with other particles that surround the surface of the earth. In the atmosphere, there are gases, and the solid particles that are in suspension. Scientifically, the atmosphere is divided into four major layers. Using the ascending order, the first layer is the troposphere that rises about 10-13 km from the surface of the earth. This is closely followed by the stratosphere that rises over 50km above, them the thermosphere that rises between 80-480 km, and lastly the exosphere that goes beyond the 480 km and gradually dissipates in the ...

Lander Project: Life on Jupiter’s Europa Moon

Water is life, and scientific research has long proven this fact. Water is the most important substance that living things need in order to survive. So far, scientists have been excited to find the possibility of life on some of the planetary moons. They have used the fact that evidence of the existence of life-supporting elements such as water and oxygen to other parts of the solar system has been presented through previous research to end up with this possibility.
There could be alien life on Jupiter as shown by promising discoveries so far. The problem is that ...

Surface land owners generally get a raw deal on the use of land as compared to the mineral owners. In many states, the mineral owners are allowed to drill the minerals as it is their right without any grant from the surface owner. The law is supposed to balance the rights of the mineral owner and the surface owner so that the surface owner is compensated for the damages on the property or the reduction in the value of the surface property. The cost of the personal property in terms of wear and tear should also be compensated.
There ...

Introduction

Air rights are rights to develop the unfilled space situated above a physical property site. As with other categories of rights related to real estate, it is feasible to transfer these rights to other parties while preserving possession of the property itself. In extremely urbanized areas where the only potential course to construct is up, air rights are a burning topic of discussion and debate as developers tussle to expand their projects while still remaining inside the confinements of zoning law. In the past, property proprietors preserved fundamentally unlimited property rights. As human societies grew and began introducing zoning laws, individuals ...

Introduction

The hydrographic printing technology was developed in 1988. The investigator Motoyasu Nakanishi of company Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering registered the first patent for the hydrographic printing technology on 26 July 1992. The principle is almost the same of the current hydrographic printing technologies where a transcription film is inserted in a painting apparatus with water. The machine transfers the painting film to the surface. There are many applications in the hydrographic painting in the automotive industry, interior design and industrial applications. The needs of customization and personalization are the force that gives the energy to this industry and the ...

The invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope, in 1982 resulted in the emergence of a whole new category of microscopic techniques. All these techniques fall under the family of probe microscopy, which basically involves the interaction of a sample with the sharp tip of a probe at distances of the order of a few μm to a few nm. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is one such scanning probe microscope that builds an image that describes the surface topology of a sample based on the atomic forces of interaction between the tip of the probe and the sample surface. ...

Abstract

Land and rockslides are natural disasters that threaten people living in the Sultanate of Oman. In this paper, the fundamentals of disaster management are identified from their causes. First, the aspect of slope stability is covered. The involvement of this information follows the need to appreciate the vulnerability of mountainous regions to mass movement. The causes of mass movement are also explained. Further, the risks of rock and landslides are expanded with the intention of directing the focus of the paper. To be objective, the paper progresses to a review of the measures employed by the government of Oman ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011).
...

Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride is one of the polymers that are used as membrane material. This is because of its outstanding properties. Besides its comparatively high amount of fluorine, the polymer also has a high level of crystallinity. The result of these properties are exhibited in the performance of the Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer. For instance, the chemical stability of Polyvinylidene fluoride in chlorinated solvents and environments that are highly caustic and acidic is very high. Another property of the polymer is its hydrophobicity. This means that it is not compatible with water. This would create challenges if the polymer were to ...

Surfaces in visual arts evolve according to the technology present in a particular time. Surface in art is defined by the sense of touch which is either rough or smooth. Materials also contribute to the visual texture of the arts; for instance, the medieval paintings are done using variety of materials such as mosaics, vellum, and regular wall paintings or frescoes. The surfaces of a mosaic artwork is rough due to the raised pebbles making the texture rough, vellum was an animal based material used for scrolls and books, an animal skin is rough, therefore, vellum paintings also tend ...

What is sunlight?

The sun provides tirelessly every square meter of the earth's surface, which it attacks, with an average of about 1370 watts of power (in the form of electromagnetic radiation). We say that the sun burns, but actually it does not. Instead, the sun is a giant nuclear reactor (Layton & Freudenrich, 2000). This solar energy is called the solar constant, since it does not change, except for minor fluctuations. Solar energy is sent in the form of light waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave. The frequency of light - or how fast the waves vibrate - determines the differences in color. ...

Part 2. Recent and historical images of Mars

Historical Image of Mars.
Website reference: http://www.fourthplanet.space/tag/christiaan-huygens/

Image info: Christiaan Huygens’ observational drawing of Mars shows a triangular feature which known today as Syrtis Major.

Telescope used: Huygens used a telescope created by himself (1655). It was a good 2-inch (5.1-cm) telescope of 10.5-foot (3.2-m) focal length and 50x magnification. (Sheehan)

Observer: Christiaan Huygens

Exposure time: Observations were taken over a number of weeks.
Other relevant details: Huygens used results of his observations of Mars to measure Mars’ rotational period. He measured it as 24 hours (only one hour away from the rotational period of the planet recognized today). It should be noted that the most prominent and largest crater of the Mars was named after Huygens (14.0°S, 304.4° ...

Abstract:

The principal intention of this study was to come up with the most conducive internal environment in a building. At any given moment, the internal temperature of a building is a function of the amount of heat produced by sources therein and the net heat transfer into or out of the building. The four heat transfer modes are convection, radiation, conduction, and phase- change. In executing this project, the researchers sought the relevant literature to establish the thermal properties of various materials. The properties are critical in determining the amount of heat inflow and exit from the building. The ...

The intensive growth and more new scientific and technological developments give builders practically unlimited possibilities. But to the fore, the problem of choice comes – how to rationally determine the most appropriate technology? Particularly heated is the debate between supporters and defenders of monolithic construction of prefabricated concrete (bibm.eu, 2016).
The main difference of the prefabricated concrete construction from the monolith is manufacturing of building structures in the factory with careful laboratory monitoring of the whole process (concretenetwork.com, 2016). Impact of human factors on the quality of the product is reduced to an absolute minimum, and perhaps it can be ...

(Chemical Vapor Decomposition)

Introduction

Photovoltaic solar panels are designed for direct conversion of solar energy into electricity. They consist of a plurality of solar cells (cells) which are made of silicon, one of the most abundant elements on earth. Structurally, the photovoltaic solar module is electrically interconnected solar cells having output terminals for connecting the loads. Each cell contains a semiconductor layer 2: positive and negative. On the silicon layer is applied to one particular substance, whereby an excess of electrons. This forms a negatively charged n-layer. On the other layer created deficiency of electrons and becomes positively charged (p-layer). When a photon of ...

Latent Fingerprinting and its Reliability as Forensic Evidence

Introduction
The discovery and subsequent improvement in forensic science has been a road marred with many challenges. However, despite these challenges, its acceptance as a rudimentary source of evidence in the judicial system is fascinating. Nonetheless, there are copious number of skeptics who argue that the science is based on probability; thus does not fit to be termed as an actual science. (1) Among the source of their skepticism is in evidence collection. In this work, there is an exploration of fingerprint collection on diverse surfaces.

Ways of Collecting Fingerprint Evidence from different Surfaces

Fingerprints can be identified from several surfaces, which include the porous, non-porous, and semi-porous ...

Introduction

In recent years due to the rising temperature of the globe we have seen an increase in the number of natural calamities affecting us. Tsunami in Japan and Indian Ocean, Katrina in Southern United States and Icelandic volcanic eruption are few of them. The average temperature of the earth is on the rise. We hear a lot of concerns voiced against the man induced causes of global warming. It is one of the topics that concern one and all in the world. Is it a fact or is it a myth? We will try to discuss and establish in the next few ...

Introduction

Interactions between atmospheric energy and matter and with the surface of the earth play an important role in remote sensing. There is a constant interaction between the surface of the earth, electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere. This interaction determines the spectral areas through which remote sensing can be done (Bucholtz, 1995, 2769). Electromagnetic radiation is propagated via the earth's atmosphere at the speed of light once it has been generated. Since the earth's atmosphere is not a vacuum, it has a different impact on the wavelength, spectral distribution, speed and direction of radiation.

Scattering

One of the results obtained for ...

Business: Cultural Competence

Cultural competence is defined as an individual’s ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds. There are four components of cultural competence:

•awareness of one’s own cultural worldview

•attitude towards cultural differences
•knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews
•cross-cultural skills
Cultural competence is the skills need by individuals of different cultures seeking to collaborate. The skills set begins with self-awareness and spans to the required scope of skills required to adapt and collaborate with individuals from another culture. A key component of cultural competence is cultural literacy. Operating successful international business requires cross-cultural literacy (an understanding of how cultural ...

MEM 695

Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to introduce the different types of energy resources utilized worldwide. This paper discusses the history of the different resources used, starting with the utilization of conventional fossil fuel based technologies, the emergence of nuclear power and finally, the commercialization of renewable energy resources. The main objective of this research paper is to provide an insight on how these energy sources are accessed, utilized, distributed and developed. The paper also seeks to impact of the utilization of these various energy resources on the environment, especially the effect of continued utilization of ...

Pavement distresses are distortions in the pavement surface and the subgrade either due to poor design or external factors. Distresses shorten the lifespan of a pavement and pose a danger to the road users or causes discomfort. This is a paper on the different types of road distresses, causes, and the mitigation measures which can be taken to remedy the distresses.

Rutting

Rutting is the accumulation of slow permanent deformation due to continuous densification of pavement layers caused by the shear displacement of the subgrade. Shearing causes uplifting on the sides of the rut. Rutting occurs along the tracks of heavy vehicles on a ...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the ...

1. How do continents grow and how are they modified
Continents arise due to movement of plates causing boundaries within the earth surface. Plates move through the oceanic crust along narrow zones between each other leading to the development of plate-tectonic forces. As a result, this forces leads to development of boundaries between the plates. This plates becomes the continents. Generally, continents arise because of continental drift that forces a single land mass on the earth surface to split and drift hence forming a continent. Their modification arises due to various plate boundaries that develop within the earth surface. These boundaries ...

Introduction

A wind turbine is a device that uses the kinetic energy derived from wind to create mechanical energy. This simply means the wind’s force pushes the blade into motion. Different wind turbines have different ways of extracting wind energy like most machines. Aerodynamics, on the other hand, simply refers to the flow of air about a body. This makes aerodynamics to be a critical aspect of wind turbines as this flow of air about the turbines is what determines its power output. This paper focuses on the aerodynamic behavior of wind turbines (Hansen 21).
Calculation of forces acting on a body ...

Motivation

In order to increase Australian consumers’ awareness, Microsoft should provide them with very informative and attractive advertising campaigns. As being one of the largest producers of software for computers, mobile phones, PDAs and other computing equipment, Microsoft should provide Australian customers with unique features of Microsoft Surface Pro 3. Thus, Surface Pro 3 tablet running Windows 8.1 is obtainable in a diversity of configurations using CPU Intel i3, Intel i5 or Intel i7. The important factor is the increase in battery life by 10% to nine hours of web surfing (Hopewell, 2014). These characteristics are very useful, because they allow ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried.
Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

Investigation of Solar cells

Introduction
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, rely on the photoelectric effect to convert the solar radiation into electric energy. Photoelectric effect refers to the tendency of materials to emit electrons when light is shown on them. The electrons dislodged from the surface of an object as a result of light being shown on the surface of such materials are referred to as photoelectrons. Not all materials exhibit the ability to emit electrons when placed along the path of light. Most with the ability to emit electrons are metals.
Silicon is a key ingredient of a solar cell. ...

Difference between freshwater lakes and oceans in terms of the formation of ice

Ocean ice is found in Polar Regions. It covers an area of 25 million square kilometers. Ocean ice forms on the surface of the ocean. It grows and melts above oceans. During winter, ocean ice grows but melts during summer (Thompson & William 1). The occurrence of ocean ice has a direct influence on the global climate. Ocean ice has a bright surface that reflects most of the light that strikes it. The co sequence of this phenomenon is that areas that the ocean ice covers have low absorption of solar energy (Ilker 149). In this regard, the temperatures in the solar ...

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The Sun has been with us for 4 billion years, and is the nearest star to the Earth. The Sun is comprised of about 74% of hydrogen, 25% of helium, and 1% of other elements. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5800 K. The core of the Sun has a temperature ranging from 10 – 15 million Kelvin. This temperature range is high enough to activate nuclear fusion within the Sun. Here, four protons will fuse together to obtain a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons via a proton-proton chain. The core of the ...

Flat roofs are roofing systems with the slop less than 10 degrees. This construction allows to use them as living space. Flat roofs exist for centuries, and people developed different types of covering for these systems. There are several most popular decisions with own advantages and features.
TPO. These are single-ply roof membranes made from thermoplastic olefin or ethylene propylene rubber. TPO membranes have “resistance to ozone, are algae-resistant, environmentally friendly and safe to install” (roofhelp.com, n. d.). The typical thickness of TPO sheets varies from 40 to 100 mils. Constructors use hot air to seal seams between sheets. ...

Climate Change

Earth is the only planet in the universe that supports life, and this uniqueness is attributable to its optimal temperature and climatic conditions. Earth’s temperature is affected by variations in solar energy that reach earth, changes is earth surface as well as atmospheric reflectivity, as well as changes in concentration of greenhouse gases (EPA, 2016). Earth’s distance, rotation in its axis and revolution around sun in its orbit primarily determine change of seasons in earth, as well as its climatic patterns. Variations in light reflectivity or albedo of various surface features on earth also contribute to climate ...

According to EPA (2016), environmental management involves the development of systems aimed at reducing environmental impacts of various activities. In the Brundtland commission report (WCED), sustainable development has been described as development aimed at meeting the current needs of the present generation. However, as the current generation focuses on meeting their own needs, their activities should not compromise the capability of future generations to also meet their own needs. Available evidence suggests that the future generation would have challenges meeting their own needs if the current generation fails to adopt sustainable practices. The sustainable development incorporates the triple line: ...

Modern astronomy

There were four main contributors to modern astronomy: Sir Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Tycho Brahe. Brahe advocated for the new standards for having a more precise observation even though he did not personally believe in the view of heliocentric. All of his contributions were huge for astronomy because he was able to create new instruments along with being able to calibrate them. He would check the accuracy of his instruments on a regular basis so it helped him to revolutionize instruments for astronomy. Kepler was an assistant for Brahe until he died in 1601. This helped ...

Intensive growth and new scientific and technological developments give builders practically unlimited possibilities. This leads to the emergence of the problem of choice – how to rationally determine the most appropriate technology? Experience of previous decades shows that constructions made of prefabricated concrete show good operation characteristics and are rather lasting (bibm.eu, 2016). As a result, prefabricated concrete is widely used in the process of construction of building of civil and industrial use. With the help of the prefabricated concrete construction time of the building is decreased, and much labor and financial resources are saved. Further in the paper, prefabricated ...

The Sun

The Sun is known as the only one star in the Solar system. It is the center, around which the planets, asteroids, satellites, comets, space dust are revolving. The nature of each planet depends on the distance that separates the planet from the Sun. This bright star is important for all the planets surrounding it. So, how much the humanity knows about the fiery star that can kill the entire earth in one second?
Since the beginning of time, people looked at the sky, hoping to learn a little about the twinkling stars and the fiery sun. As we ...

The rise of deep, cold water towards the surface to replace water is called an upwelling (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2013). Successful fisheries all over the globe are situated in areas with strong coastal upwelling due to the presence of highly productive marine systems. Oxygen-depleted conditions and available diverse electron donors, such as hydrogen sulfide and organic matter, favor processes involved in nitrogen loss resulting in high productivity of the ecosystem (Galán, Faúndez, Thamdrup, Santibañez, & Farías, 2014).
Upwelling is caused by a variety of conditions. One is the replacement of warm surface water with cold ...

Wind is a major limiting factor in the marine ecosystem. Wind affects waves, dune system, sediment transportation, currents, and weather. Wind has profound effects on the waves. As wind move over the surface of the oceans, the abrasions between the wind and the water surfaces lead to formation of waves. The speed of wind also affects the size of the waves formed. When the speed of the wind is very high, the abrasion between the wind and the surface of the water increases leading to huge waves. In the event that the speed of the wind is low, the waves ...

Abstract

The study investigates different aspects of the Mirphak star. The Introductory section explains that the star occurs in the Perseus constellation and is the brightest star in the night sky above the Northern horizon. The paper has a section that describes the various names and myths linked to the star. Moreover, the paper traces a Greek’s mythical story that gave the constellation its name. Under the section on properties and position of the star, the study examines the changing coordinates of Mirphak. As a result, it outlines the star’s coordinates in J2000 and J1900. Other features examined include Mirphak’s ...

Introduction

Geothermal energy is a source of energy that has become very common as a sustainable energy source in numerous countries across the world. Geothermal energy owes its origin to volcanic activity that occurs in the earth’s core and mantle. Rain water or water form surface runoff may collect in underground reservoirs of water. The volcanic activity below such reservoirs heats the water. The water is normally trapped such that it cannot escape. This leads to build up of a lot of pressure causing it to become superheated. Eventually, the water rises to the surface through fault lines on the rocks.

Practical Applications of Geothermal Energy

Engineers ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

- What is oily sludge waste?
- Definition: Sludge waste in general refers to semisolid materials emanating from industrial waste water; according to Tamim, oily sludge waste refers to “an emulsion of water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, waxes, and other fine solids present” (26).
- Oily waste sludge are generated in oil refinery facilities;
- when process waste water undergoes primary treatment;
- during the recovery and reuse of intermediate products;
- when they accumulate inside storage tanks;
- Types of sludge waste; Sludge wastes mainly defer in terms of hydrocarbon content; all ...

HadCM3 stands for Hadley Center Coupling model version three. This global climate model (GCM) was developed by the Met Office Hadley Center for Climate Science and Services in 2000, and was used as one of the major GCM ever since, starting from the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. The model includes two elements – HadAm3 (for atmospheric modeling) and HadOM3 (for oceanic modeling), therefore forming a coupling assessment model. The GCM was a further development of the previous model HadCM2, also developed at Hadley (Bloom, 184).

Model description

The model includes 2 elements for the ...

Latent prints can be defined as the pretense of individual’s ridged skin. They are generally known as friction ridges or fingerprints. These impressions are regularly imperceptible to the exposed eye despite the fact that they are surrounding us and each one of us accidently leaves them everywhere. At the point when an investigator is dealing with a crime, other than taking a gander at the physical proof, one of the main things they do is check for fingerprints. This is an exceptionally sensitive process on the grounds that relying upon the surface a latent print can without much ...

Biomolecules serve different functions in a cell. The three major classes of biomolecules in the cell are: proteins, nuclei acids and carbohydrates. These molecular structures serve nearly similar functions in most organisms. Though the function of protein in forming cell architecture, signaling and communication is well known, little is known about the role of carbohydrate in communication. Nevertheless, it goes un-denying that carbohydrates are indispensable for cellular communication and signaling, just like proteins and nucleic acids. The paper titled, Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition, by the authors Nathan Sharon and Halina Lis, is a good review that elucidates the significance ...

Trans-World Flight Center, John F. Kennedy Airport (1956-1962)

Opened in 1962, the Trans World Flight Center of the John F. Kennedy Airport is one of the finest structures belonging to the Organic Modern Period that emerged in the mid-20th century.1 What makes this style truly remarkable was the fact that it is based on neo-futuristic designs as well as embodying strict adherence to geometrical proportions, the creation of functional space for the passengers, aircraft, employees, and maintaining harmonious interaction of the structure in its environment.2
The structure was designed by Eero Saarinen, a notable architect and one of the prolific figures that proposed designing the concept of ...

The concerns about climate change among the public members and the scientific community are increasing. The members of the public and the scientific community are in the urge to understand the potential causes and impacts of climate change. The trends in the climate and temperatures around the world indicate that global warming is taking place (Botkin & Keller, 1995, p. 45). Provide one piece of data scientists offer to show that the climate is changing globally and give the expected impacts of climate change in my area.

How scientists learn about past global temperatures and climate

Scientists study the past global climate and temperatures, in some different ways. The ...

The laws of physics encompass both the matter and non-matter, and their implications have been very useful to mankind. In this technological era, mankind has relied on science for both efficiency and effectiveness of tools, equipment, and gears. Various materials used for particular functions, from heavy to menial, have been enhanced, improved, and upgraded based on our understanding of their science. In this discussion, we will examine the physics behind basketball shoes. This discussion will focus heavily on the parameters that would greatly enhance the performance of basketball shoes.
The history of basketball shoes was greatly influenced by the ...

As early as elementary school, we are taught the water cycle. The simple cycle of evaporation that causes the clouds, the clouds rain on the land, the water is soaked up into the soil, lakes, and rivers only to travel back to the ocean and eventually become rain and snow again. It sounds like a simple process. However, much of California has been in drought for a while and everyone is suffering. Many cities ban the use of water outside, except on a specific day of the week. Neighbors turn each other in for water use. The rolling hills ...

Abstract

Adsorption differs from absorption and activated clays are one of the most effective adsorbents in nature. The adsorbing action of activated clay is a selective adsorption process. Due to its effectiveness, activated clay has wide applications such as cleaning up oil spills and adsorbing dyes. Zeolite made up of silicon, aluminum and oxygen is also an adsorber, and it can be synthesized. Synthesis simply increases its pore or cavity sizes and makes it hydrophobic. Zeolites are selective adsorbers because of their unique pore sizes. Zeolites are used in removing heavy metals such as zinc, iron, copper, chromium and so ...

Question 1

Convection is organized by the circular motion of water flow or air through thermal changes in the density and gravitational attraction, which originate from the source of heat and decrease in the colder outer layers.

Craton is a lithosphere platform with the foundation of Precambrian age.

Earthquake magnitude is a scale characterizing the energy released during an earthquake in the form of seismic waves.
Focus is an area of occurrence of underground hits in the earth's crust or upper mantle, resulting in an earthquake.
Epicenter – is the central point of the surface of the earthquake focus.
Isostasy is hydrostatic equilibrium state of the earth's crust, when the Earth's less dense ...

Machining Technology is a manufacturing process that involves the foundational and basic principles about cutting via the application of various cutting tools. Despite the many modern technological advancement in this field of material science, it cannot be denied that there are the same principles involved both from the traditional and modern up-to-date techniques. Machining is the application of process used for shaping metals as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Cross sectional view of the machining process.
The machining technology is applied in various work materials especially in the use of metals. It is used to shape and ...

English

English

Introduction

Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the total temperature of the atmosphere of the earth. The rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of the greenhouse gases, which is caused by an increase in the levels of chlorofluorocarbons, carbon (IV) oxide and other pollutants. Global warming affects the climate system of the earth’s atmosphere by increasing both the terrestrial radiation and the radiation from the sun. The ozone is an essential element in the issue of global warming. The ozone absorbs the heat radiated from the sun and the surface of the earth, leading ...

1. Introduction to the Technique
Magnification and high resolution imaging are very important in materials science, especially at present when nanotechnology materials are being created. Magnification and high resolution imaging can help in the characterization, identification, and confirmation of the existence of the desired material. Magnification and high resolution imaging become problems when the size of the assessed material becomes too small; such as, they are beyond the micrometer scale. Ordinary techniques in microscopy such as light microscopy where in a traditional light microscope is used could not suffice. Fortunately, in 1931, two scientists named Ernst Ruska and Mx ...

Need for preparation

Concrete surfaces transport moisture and air. Horizontal concrete surfaces such as pavements have higher contents of moisture. There is, therefore, need for adequate preparation and testing before painting such surfaces to maximize long-term durability of the paint. Unlike most surfaces, they are exposed to the destructive effects of nature hence the need for more time to attend to them. The more course and rough concrete surface is the more paint they suck. Painters are bound to use more paint than estimated in their budgets. Mark Dixon in his book House painting inside and out explains that the exterior concrete ...

Introduction

Thin-film optics is a division of optics that deals with the very thin structured layers of materials. The condition of exhibiting thin-film optics is that the thickness of the layers of the material should in order of visible light wavelength usually about 500nm. At this scale, layers can have remarkable reflective properties based on the difference in refractive index and wave interference between layers, the substrate and the air. The effects called thin-film interference alters the way the optic transmits and reflects light and they are observable in oil slicks and soap bubbles.
A dielectric mirror also called is ...

Sensation and perception actually play two fundamental complimentary roles, which are indeed different in how people interpret the world. Sensation refers to how people sense the environment through smell, sound, sight, taste and touch which are the five senses. This noble information is mainly sent to the brain in raw form and then perception takes over. Perception is defined as the way people interpret these sensations and thus making sense of the surrounding. It is worth noting that sensation refers to something that people can feel whereas perception refers to something that can be seen. Sensation is mainly a passive ...