Blood Course Works Samples For Students

Source One:

http://uofmhealthblogs.org/womens/pregnancy-childbirth/oh-body-will-change-pregnancy/8463/

Posted by Helen Kang Morgan, MD on September 24, 2013
In addition to the obvious physical changes as your belly grows during pregnancy, what other surprises may your body have in store for you? Pregnancy is an exciting time, but often one filled with many questions — is my baby healthy, can I do this/eat that, and what the heck is happening to my body?

During your first trimester, you’ll probably feel tired, perhaps more tired than you’ve ever felt before. Get as much rest as you can. About 70 percent of women will also ...

Implications of cultural patterns on health

Introduction
Communities have distinguishable characteristics that make them different from the rest of the society around the world. Such cultural patterns are transferred from one generation to another for a very long period of time. According to Edberg (2013), every society across the world, has unique cultural practices as well as belief. However, some beliefs and practices are rewards to some members of that community, and a punishment to the rest of the community members. Such beliefs and practices include; female genital mutilation, early marriages and some religion practices and beliefs (Edberg 2013).

Female genital mutilation is the removal of ...

1. A t-test would be of help in comparing the two different groups' blood pressure average before and after being subjected to the drug. The difference will be meaningful and real if:

The responses are constantly close enough to the average value with a low standard deviation from the mean value.
The differences between the averages are large.

The t test effect size and the t test statistical significance are the two primary outputs of the t test. Statistical significance helps indicate whether the difference existing between sample averages represents actual differences between my populations (my two group ...

Introduction

The respiratory system can be termed as a biological system comprising of specific structures and organs that are used, by an organism, in the respiration process. It participates in the exchange together with intake of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment (Seeley, Stephens and Tate).

In vertebrates that breathe air, respiration occurs in the organs of respiration, lungs. The air passage to the lungs for supply of oxygen to the body is called inhalation, while the air passage away from the lungs to release carbon dioxide is called exhalation. In human beings, the anatomical characteristics ...

Lead placement during an echo

During echocardiography, the leads placement occurs at different positions of the body. The leads during the process are placed depending on the type of echo that is supposed to be conducted on the person. In relation to this, there are two different types of echocardiograms among the usual four that are conducted to a person. These types of echocardiograms are transthoracic echocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram.

On one hand, during the transthoracic echocardiogram, an echocardiographer places the leads or transducers on the back of the chest and on the wall of the chest (Leeson 56). The position of the leads ...

Introduction

Proteins are food substances that are consumed with intention of maintaining the human hygiene and improving the status of health of living beings. However, there is a differentiated class of proteins that is referred to as the deceptive proteins. Grammatically, the term deceptive means something that is likely to create a notion that is different from the truth. In this case, the term deceptive protein is used to mean a category of protein that is intended to ensure balanced diet but instead creates a different impact in the performance of the body organs. For instance, deceptive proteins are said to create ...

The paper with the title “Hemoglobin: A Gas-Transport Molecule That Is Hormonally Regulated in the Ovarian Follicle in Mice and Humans” has been researched and written by researchers from University of Adelaide, Australia. Some of the important points related to this paper have been presented under the questions.

Introduction and Background:

Hypothesis of the paper

Researchers hypothesized and explored the temporal variations of hemoglobin expression and the genes controlling heme biosynthesis. They have also hypothesized that the possible function of hemoglobin is oxygen transport during in vitro maturation under low oxygen incubation conditions and tested it.

Why authors worked on this experiment?

Initially researchers found Hbb and ...

The case of James a 48 year old male is a case of a patient with DVT but with little information. This man is a lawn tennis player with some issues that made him visit the emergency room and had the boot placed on him for 4 weeks duration. It was after that episode of medical management that he noticed a form of ankle to calf swelling on one of the legs. The swelling was really abnormal in terms of size hence he needs to see the doctor urgently. Despite swelling and the test such as ultrasound done, the extent of severity to him ...

Response to Lisa’s posting’

DUTY: Yes. There was a duty to act since the nurse was supposed to look after the patient and ensure that he was in a safe environment as stated on the code of ethics of the Texas board of nursing (Westrick, 2014).

Breach, why or why not? Yes. There was a breach of duty, since the nurse was supposed to take off the patient, but she did not do so. She did not even follow the doctor’s orders to check on the patient every two hours and record down the progress (Texas Board of Nursing Bulletin, 2004).

Causation: yes, there was ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Question a

Diabetes mellitus (also type 2 diabetes) is a medical condition affecting the body’s use and conversion of energy. It may arise from various biological malfunctions such as over-secretion of glucagon hormone, insufficient secretion of insulin and resistance to regulation of glucose levels by insulin hormone. The condition may arise either from poor diets or from the effect of hereditary and environmental factors. Excessive consumption of high calorific foods, minimal exercising and obesity are some of the predisposing factors that may make one susceptible to the disease. This is especially so when these factors supplement genetic factors. The main risk ...

Botulinum toxin is a chemical toxin that is formed by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This toxin affects the neurons and is considered as one of the most poisonous biological substances. It works by preventing the release of neurotransmitters particularly acetylcholine from the endings of the motor neurons (Nigam & Nigam, 2010).
Botulinum toxin can easily be absorbed from mucous membranes, eyes, non-intact skin, or respiratory tract. Blood is not found to cause metabolism or change the bioavailability of the toxin. The toxin remains unmodified and affects the nerve endings in the same condition. Researchers have found that the elimination ...

VENOUS STASIS ULCER

Venous stasis ulcers commonly occur in the legs due to venous insufficiency or poor venous blood drainage. Veins of the legs have valves in then which ensures a proper unidirectional flow of blood towards heart. In venous stasis, these valves are damaged, thus the venous blood accumulates in the legs instead of being pumped upwards. A prolonged pooling of blood in the leg leads to increased pressure in the affected area thus causing a break in the skin and causing ulcers. The causes for venous stasis could be smoking, occupations requiring prolonged hours of standing, obesity or deep vein thrombosis.

Clinical ...

Sodium plays its role in the human body as electrolyte. Its purpose in the body is to maintain normal blood pressure, helps in the absorption of nutrients, regulation of the blood volume and maintenance of the cell membrane potential. The quantity of sodium found in the blood has a close connection to the amount of water found in the body. The level of sodium found in the blood is determined by the amount of sodium and water consumed as well as the amount excreted in the urine. Some sodium is excreted from the body through sweating and stool. When sodium ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

Bloodstain pattern analysis is a section of forensic studies, that deals with the analysis of spots and splashes of blood. Any achievement in science, especially in the analysis of blood and DNA molecules are widely used by detectives and criminologists for investigations and catching criminals. Therefore, despite the fact that the forensic examination of blood stains is not new to criminology, new technologies are allowing to achieve much better results using this technique and making it more common. Analysis of samples of blood stains requires extensive practical knowledge of such sciences as chemistry, biology, physics and geometry.(Culliford 12)

...

Flow of coronary blood is important in enhancing the cardiac function. When acute events or disease states take place, which hinder coronary flow, outcomes are usually damaging or fatal. If coronary flow of blood goes below the required for metabolic needs, the myocardium is regarded as ischemic, where there is impairment of the heart’s pumping capability. There are as well alterations in electrical activity such as increased fibrillation risk. Lengthy ischemia can result in a heart attack that can lead to irreversible death of myocardial cell (Alexander, Schlant and Fuster).

The coronary system comprises of the heart's arterioles, ...

Facts of the Case: A suspect caught in driving under the influence of alcohol underwent a blood sample analysis and the result was used against the suspect. Schmerber was found guilty of driving while under the influence of alcohol. The evidence was found on the result of the chemical examination that showed intoxication. Extraction of blood happened at the order of a police authority where the petitioner was taken following the accident. The extraction of blood was taken despite Schmerber’s refusal.

How would you have ruled: According to the Fifth Amendment which contains the person’s right against self-incrimination, a ...

1. As we know bone is a hard tissue so in comparison to other tissues the vascularization and how it gets nutrients in general is unique and different from any other part of human body. A bone is blood supplied by three different systems, these are: Nutrient artery, Periosteal vessel, and epiphyseal vessels. The first layer covering any bone tissue is periosteum. Periosteum is a thin membrane, covering the outer surfaces of all bones. It contains an extensive network of blood vessels, and it’s small branches penetrate into the bone through minute channels, these branches supply the outer ⅓ of cortex. ...

First case:

A cath surgery is to be performed in both left and right side of the heart due to the patient’s shortness of breathing.

- First a wire will be placed inside the heart to determine the amount of oxygen there are leaks in the valves.
- Water will then be injected and connect it with a thermostat in the atrium and pulmonary to determine the temperature inside the body.
- The procedure begins at the left coronary side
- The next step is to block the femoral in order to stop the blood circulation in the left ...

- The role of the stomach is to act as the storage for food and allow its slow release into the small intestine at intervals. Also, it allows food churning which helps break the food into smaller particles for easier for digestion. It is also a site of absorption of some foods. The liver serves to regulate the amount of blood components that circulate in peripheral blood. This includes the regulation of blood concentration of glucose and lipids after digestion. It also secretes bile which is important in the digestion of fats in diet. Salivary glands produce saliva which helps ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

- Non-specific immunity provides the first line of defense against infection. Non-specific immune responses are directed towards a wide range of pathogens, for example, the epithelium provides a physical barrier to the entry of pathogens in addition to producing other antimicrobial factors. Specific immunity takes some time to develop. It allows for a response directed towards a specific antigen. Innate immunity is nonspecific. It provides the first line of defense against infection. Its components include macrophages and neutrophils; barriers like skin, and antimicrobial substances synthesized by the body. Acquired immunity is highly specific. It involves antigen processing and presentation, which induces the production ...

- Erythrocytes or red blood cells are the most well-known components of the whole blood. They contain hemoglobin, a complex protein, which contains iron. This helps red blood cells to carry oxygen through the body. And this is the main function of erythrocytes. When hemoglobin concentrations fall down and there is no sufficient amount of red blood cells to carry oxygen it is termed anemia. Iron is very important component of the erythrocytes because iron can bind oxygen and transport it to the tissues.

- The blood runs a certain path through the body. It moves through pulmonary circuit and then ...

Etiology

Severe renal malfunction and acute kidney ailment, results to kidneys losing their capability to filter and get rid of extra fluid and waste from the human body. Hemodialysis is a technique that uses artificial membrane known as a dialyzer to: get rid of body wastes, such as urea and creatinine from the blood; bring-back the appropriate balance of electrolytes in the human blood; and get rid of unnecessary fluid of the human body. (Hobbs, 1979). Hemodyalysis is among the three therapies that involve renal replacement, the other two are peritoneal and renal transplant dialysis. An alternative technique for extracorporeal filtering of ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

Literature Evaluation Form:

- What is the practical significance of these results? Describe how this knowledge might influence clinical practice. Are there any potentially harmful or beneficial uses of this knowledge?
- The study identified specific exercises that could be safely used in circuit training for hypertensive patients (leg curl, leg extension and bike 65% HR max)
- Exercises that increased blood pressure to dangerous level were also indentified. (isometric squat, leg press and bike 70-75% HR max)
- A circuit program based on the exercises deemed safe could be developed for people with hypertension.
- Do these ...

Diabetes affects nearly >20% of adults older than 65 years in the US (CDC website, 2011). Diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) occurs when the body fails to produce insulin appropriately or does not properly respond to insulin. Glucose, the fuel for various cells in human bodies, requires insulin, a hormone to absorb and suitably utilize it. Blood glucose level gets elevated when the insulin signaling mechanism gets compromised. This can lead to a host of metabolic abnormalities that leads to serious health complications. Complications caused by persistent elevated sugar level include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure blindness, foot amputation and ...

Vascular dementia is the decline in the level of thinking skills as a result of conditions that reduce or block the flow of blood to the brain, thus depriving it of the vital oxygen supply and nutrients. It is mostly associated with a stroke or several strokes. Although the strokes can be small in extent, their damage can accumulate over time. This can lead to confusion, memory loss among other signs. Vascular dementia accounts for up to 40% of all dementia cases in old adults (Paul, 2005).

Depending on the individual and how severe the stroke(s) are, vascular dementia may ...

Introduction Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are defined as infections that occur mainly when a patient is catheterized and germs invade the blood steam via the catheter that is placed in a large vein to ensure the patient gets the necessary fluids, medication or even blood and speedy medical tests in some cases(vdh.virginia.gov). The severity of the infection depend on various factors, like hospitalization length and catheter-related factors, among many others (vdh.virginia.gov).

According to the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, a Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, about 18,000 ICU patients experienced CLABSIs and another 23,000 patients ...

Scientific Method steps

Several ways can be used to state scientific method and the exact scientific method steps depend on how the steps are broken. However, the basic steps involves making observations, coming up with observation explanation using hypothesis proposal, testing validity of the explanation by designing and performing an experiment, and accepting or rejecting the given explanation through data analysis if necessary and even try coming up with a better one. The scientific method steps are important because they attempt to minimize prejudice or biasness in the experimenter. Even a scientist with best intentions cannot escape bias. Bias originates from cultural and personal ...

1. Preventive practices for Lyme disease

Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne disease in the U.S and Europe yet it is highly preventable by simple, safe and cost effective strategies. The most effective method of preventing the disease is avoiding tick-infested places. Never the less, since this may not be possible other preventive practices for lime disease include using insect repellant chemicals, using personal protective clothes (this could include light-colored clothes to enhance detection of ticks and clothes that cover as much skin as possible), regularly checking the body and clothing for ticks and quickly removing them, applying acaricides on animals and property, ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

The imagery of Ishmael Beah’s memoirs makes readers become witnesses in numerous acts of unimaginable violence. Instead of hearing about Beah’s experiences, we participate actively as we read further into the daily life of boy soldiers. Many of the grim images left me breathing heavily because I could actually “see” what Beah describes in each horrific scene. One scene in particular earlier in the book, made me realize that even from the very beginning, boy soldiers are able to forget their morals, feelings, and identities and accept only what they see. When the day-to-day imagery is ...

- Review of the Functions of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system has about six general functions in the body of an organism. It is indicated that the skeletal system forms a vital section of the body because there are other numerous functions that particular bones perform in the body. These different bones are situated in the various parts of the body according to their functionality. The first function of the skeleton is the provision of support to softer tissues as well as giving points of attachment for most of the skeletal body muscles. The body tissues and muscles could ...

Introduction

Obesity has over the years evolved to become a major health problem in modern world .It is actually a condition whereby a person accumulates excess body fat to an extent where it may have adverse effects on someone’s heath. About two thirds of USA citizens are obese and more of concern is the alarming development of the condition among the adolescents and children. According to research nearly 15% of children are overweight compared to only 4% a few years ago (Fiebach 2007). It is evident clear that child obesity is a major health concern in the contemporary world. Children who are obese are ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

Question 1

Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control hypothesized that the salt intake of children is increasing their risk of developing hypertension, similar to that seen in adults (Park, 2012). The study included over six thousand children between the ages of eight and eighteen, a good sample size for statistical analysis. One potential drawback in the design of the study is that it only involved a detailed interview of the children and not an actual measurement of their daily salt intake. However, the results were clear. Children appear to be eating as much salt as an adult every day and the higher ...

Discussion Questions on Clinical Nursing

1. The cephalosporins are a family of bactericidal antibiotics structurally related to penicillin which were first derived from the fungus, Cephalosporum acremonium. 

Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class for antibiotics (eMedexpert, 2011). This class’ mode of action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephamycins. Every form of bacteria cell has a certain cell wall for protection. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which makes the bacteria cell walls break down and the bacteria eventually die (eMedexpert, 2011). One intravenous (IV) drug under this class is cefazolin. For adults, dosage for ...

Hypertension being a health condition that results from medical conditions that attack the kidney, heart, arteries, and the endocrine system, it calls for intensive care of a patient. Reliable strategies must be employed while the precise professionals are involved when complications develop to the patient. Proper care of the patient depends on the willingness of the patient to accept the intended procedures while the caregiver also has the patient’s burden at heart. Below is an analysis of the most preferable needs for patients and how they need to be addressed.

The first and the core need to be addressed among ...

Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HgA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed by the irreversible, non-enzymatic binding of circulating glucose to the amino groups of lysine and valine residues in hemoglobin. It is measured as a ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin to non-glycosylated hemoglobin. The level of HgA1c in erythrocytes depends on the concentration of glucose in blood. When level of blood glucose is high, the rate of glycation is increased, hence more glycosylated hemoglobin. Glycation occurs slowly and over the entire lifespan of the red blood cell, i.e. 90-120 days. Therefore, HbA1c reflects the average level of blood glucose exposed to the red blood cell over the past ...

While treating patients with chronic illnesses, the major challenge faced is developing a plan of care that addresses the specific needs of a patient and caregiver. One needs to be in close touch with the patients and make sure that they take medications as prescribed. The patients support group family and peers should come-up with an ideal plan to help the patient manage the illness and also to prevent further health complications. The chronic illness that I am going to discuss is hypertension. Hypertension also known as high blood pressure is a chronic medical illness whereby the blood pressure in the arteries ...

In the recent years, there has been a need to increase advertisements on blood donation. These advertisements have been done through posters, radio stations and even the television stations. The aim is to reach as many people as possible so that the problem of blood shortage in hospitals can be addressed once and for all. Blood shortage has been caused by various factors that will be addressed by this research. In addition, these advertisements have some impacts on society. The aim of this research paper is to evaluate the causes of advertisements encouraging blood donations. The paper will also evaluate ...

1. Introduction

Pharmaceutical products alleviate suffering in patients by presenting therapeutic benefits to them. There is risk in the use of these products, but by consenting to use the drug, the patient has deemed it fit that the benefits of the drug far outweigh the potential danger they may pose. There are two types of reactions that may be exhibited by the patient; adverse drug reaction and adverse drug event . Adverse drug reaction is the typical way in which the body responds to a drug that is toxic, and whose use was unintended. This usually occurs at normal doses for disease treatment. ...

Report on Case 1: Diagnosis of Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, they speed up biological reactions and are also capable of regulation. Enzymatic reactions can be anabolic – where a new substance is built from smaller ones; or catabolic – where a substance is broken down to yield simpler molecules. In the example of fructose, enzymes catabolize this simple sugar to substances that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, allowing fructose, a 6-carbon sugar, to be used by cells to obtain energy in a way similar to glucose (also a 6-varbon sugar). Aldolase B is one of the enzymes involved in the catabolism of fructose, and its deficiency results in ...

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a disease that affects over 33 million people around the world. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell necessary to fight off infections, and it also kills off nearby cells with toxic byproducts. Eventually, it overwhelms the immune system's ability to fix itself (AEGIS, 2012). When HIV/AIDS first showed up in the United States, it mostly affected homosexual men. Now, though, it’s clear that anyone of any age, race, gender, ...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS, a condition that affects over 33 million people worldwide. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell vital to fighting off various infections, and it eventually overwhelms the immune system's capacity to regenerate or to fight other infections. HIV can also affect bystander cells with toxic byproducts (AEGIS, 2012). Scientists believe HIV came from a similar virus that first occurred in some populations of chimps and monkeys in Africa, where they're hunted for food. During ...

1. Compare and contrast organic, inorganic and solid phase approaches for DNA isolation

Organic isolation takes place after the DNA has been released from the cell and a further purification is to be conducted. The purification is done in order to remove the contaminating proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and cell debris. Organic isolation makes use of a combination of high salt, low pH and an organic mixture of phenol and chloroform. The mixture dissolves hydrophobic contaminants and then strips away most of the DNA associated proteins. The DNA precipitate in this method is collected by centrifugation. The DNA pellet is then dissolved in rehydration buffer. Inorganic isolation method is used in cases that do not ...

Significant characteristics of a disease

Virulence is a term that describes “the capacity of a microbe to cause disease after infection”. It is a multifaceted phenomenon is dependent on the “context and nature of the interaction between the host and the microbe.” The number of fatalities that occur as a result of infection by a given pathogen is used as a measure of the virulence. Based on this parameter, the Ebola virus would therefore be considered to be highly virulent as compared to small pox. Give that research has provided better understanding of pathogens thus led to the development of potent forms of therapy; some of the pathogens ...

Introduction

Taekwondo is a sport which originated as a form of martial arts in the ancient Korean states which were divided into three. It was basically used as a means of combating fighting skills among the soldiers but it was later adopted as a sport. The sport usually employs heavy use of fist and foot as well as flexibility. There have been claims that this sport heavily impact on the physical fitness of a person as well as health of the person. The popularity of the sport has spreads to over 180 countries in the world with about 80 million people practicing it.

Following the ...

It was advised that i stat home and whenever it is important to eat out, the 'Eating Smart Restaurant Guide' should be my companion.

1 .Reduction in quantity of processed sugar, saturated fat and trans- fat consumed.
2 Increased consumption of vegetables.
3 I will have to increase the number of times I eat at home and reduce my visits to the restaurants.
The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrates in adults is 45-65%, while for proteins it is 10-35% of the calories taken daily by the person. The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for fats is ...

Research faces various problems as it tries to come up with conclusive evidence that describes the causes of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). A cardiovascular risk factor is associated with coronary heart disease. The association is nearly always a statistical one, and cannot be used as a foundation for conducting research. Equally, the fact that an individual does not have a particular cardiovascular risk factor does not guarantee protection against heart disease.

Direct evidence, which stress, as well as other similar behavioral factors have a relation to cardiovascular disease is conclusive; However, the information collected, is not conclusive. This is partly due to the ...

Cardiovascular diseases include all diseases that affect the heart and the circulatory system of the body, including coronary heart disease, stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure and cardiomypoathy. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, with more deaths recorded for cardiovascular diseases than any other disease. It affects both men and women of all races and ethnic groups.

Many heart diseases are caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the process by which plaques build up in the walls of blood vessels. This process causes narrowing and hardening of blood vessels. This leads to increase in force of contraction ...

Introduction

A memorable case written upon the pages of medical history books is Karen Quilain whose parents went to court in order for doctors to remove her ventilator. She lived nine years after this health care intervention, dying from pneumonia (Quinlan, 1977). The health care practice here relates to removing life support. There have been countless research studies showing where blood transfusion practices have been detrimental to patients because either the blood was old or contaminated. Also, organ donation policies regarding the non-heart beating donor often resulted in patients’ relatives opting for donation without prior consent of the unconscious patient ...

One of the most dreadful diseases that could happen to an individual is diabetes and it really isn’t that easy to classify this life-threatening and organ-attacking disease because it does not only have a single type; it has two. IDDM or the Insulin Dependent Type and the NIDDM or the non-insulin Dependent types are the two general classifications of diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder in drug metabolism because it basically permits or even promotes high sugar blood levels in the body which is life-threatening. Hormones insulin and glucagon are the ones that are involved in the maintenance of a stable blood ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Question 1

Ms. Jones is suffering from acute renal failure. Her kidneys are unable to sufficiently filter waste and toxins from her blood. The low urine output is a consequence of the inability of her kidneys to adequately filter waste and toxins from her blood system.

Question 2

The other symptoms of acute renal failure are noticeable when the disease progresses due to accumulation of urea and other toxins in the blood system. These symptoms differ from person to person They include; weight loss, nausea, vomiting, nocturnal urination, reduced frequency of urinating, urinating pale urine, difficulty in urinating.

Question 3

The open-heart surgery that Ms. Jones ...

The Hearing Process and Presbycusis

Hearing is the second most indispensable process, in conjunction to the special senses of the humans. The process is particularly vital, and it comprises of the auditory mechanism, sensation, perception, and interpretation of the information in the brain. The anatomy of the hearing process encompasses the external ear; auricle, meatus and ear drum, the middle ear, which consists of the ossicles, oval window, round window, and the opening into the Eustachian tube, and inner ear, which entails, cochlea and vestibular apparatus (Kiernan & Barr, 2009: Garrett, 2011). The ear and the hearing system are always accompanied by different malfunction. In ...

In the circulatory system, various elements come together to perform a single duty, that of delivering nutrients throughout the major organs of the body through blood. Three major elements are contained in blood. First, there is the plasma, which is the fluid portion of the blood (Chapter 7, p. 152). This carries the materials contained within it to their destination. Floating within the plasma are red blood cells, or erythrocytes; they carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system and supply it to the various parts of the body, including major organs like the heart and the brain (p. 152). Finally, platelets ...