Infection Course Works Samples For Students

Hantavirus Cariopulmonary Syndrome

Hantaviruses are a group of RNA viruses, which are members of the Bunyaviridae virus family. several serotypes have been identified worldwide. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome is a disease syndrome which is caused by the Sin Nombre Virus (SNV). however, some other strains of the Hantavirus family could also cause disease syndromes which are very similar in presentation to Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome. (Cunha, 2011). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hantavirus infection in humans is classified as an emerging infectious disease. this is because a lot of facts remain unknown about the disease and its presentation in humans. however, Hantavirus ...

Introduction Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are defined as infections that occur mainly when a patient is catheterized and germs invade the blood steam via the catheter that is placed in a large vein to ensure the patient gets the necessary fluids, medication or even blood and speedy medical tests in some cases(vdh.virginia.gov). The severity of the infection depend on various factors, like hospitalization length and catheter-related factors, among many others (vdh.virginia.gov).

According to the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, a Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, about 18,000 ICU patients experienced CLABSIs and another 23,000 patients ...

Describing the HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the group of retroviruses and carries ribonucleic acid (RNA) as genetic material. HIV infection occurs when the virus enters CD4+ T-cells of the host and causes the host cell to replicate viral RNA and proteins, which in turn invade the other host cells. HIV infection may be divided onto four stages depending on the clinical history, physical examination, status of immune dysfunction, signs and symptoms and infections/malignancies. The first stage or the primary infection is characterized by acute HIV syndrome with a dramatic drop in CH4+ T-cells (500 to 1500 cells/mm3). The second stage ...

Introduction

It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to health care, which are local and state financing, national healthcare policies, and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet health care needs. Nurses also have an ethical responsibility to be fiscally prudent in all practice settings to eliminate inefficiencies, and to promote best practices. 

Task: Scenario 1: Note: For parts A and B, the suggested length is a combined total of 1–2 pages. 

Mrs. Zwick, a 77-year-old widow and permanent resident of the United States, was admitted as an inpatient and hospitalized for five days following a mild stroke. She was ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS, a condition that affects over 33 million people worldwide. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell vital to fighting off various infections, and it eventually overwhelms the immune system's capacity to regenerate or to fight other infections. HIV can also affect bystander cells with toxic byproducts (AEGIS, 2012). Scientists believe HIV came from a similar virus that first occurred in some populations of chimps and monkeys in Africa, where they're hunted for food. During ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

Introduction

Injections are among the most common health care procedures throughout the world but there is a general reluctance among some people to accept the injection without cleaning the location with alcohol swab. According to World Health Organization, there is a no need to routinely apply alcohol swab for the skin preparation before subcutaneous, intra-dermal and intramuscular injection. For the purpose of this survey, the term injection refers to intramuscular, intra-dermal and subcutaneous injections: it does not include intravenous or intra-articular injections. In medical health care, an injection is the introduction of a drug, vaccine, contraceptive or other therapeutic agent into the body ...

Abstract

Routine shaving of surgical site on preoperative patients is an issue that has raised heated debate over the past thirty or so years, and one that is yet to be resolved. Initially, it was thought and continues to be argued that shaving of surgical sites on preoperative patients reduces the risks of surgical site infection. This however has found different results with some in support of shaving while providing unquestionable evidence while others oppose and provide similar yet contradicting evidence on the utility of shaving on preoperative. However, despite this bewilderment, shaving continues to be a practice that is embedded ...

Introduction

Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) that is usually associated with high-risk behaviors such as drug addiction, HIV-infected people and men who have sex with other men. Syphilis is transferred from one person to another by direct contact of externally occurring syphilis sores or from pregnant women to their unborn children (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012).

Stages

The stages of the disease syphilis are early, late and latent stages. The early stage consists of primary and secondary symptoms which are characterized by the occurrence of sores, rashes, swollen lymph glands, fever and fatigue (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012). The sore typically last ...

Wounds, whether due to lacerations or incisions, disrupt the integrity of the skin as the body’s first line of defense against infections. Blood vessels are similarly injured resulting in bleeding and significant bleeding if large blood vessels are involved. Hence, wounds must be managed promptly to promote hemostasis, prevent infection, maintain normal body function, and achieve the best cosmetic results (Pfenninger & Fowler, 2010). The method of wound closure is an important consideration as certain methods are better suited for specific types of wounds.
There are various procedures employed in closing wounds, namely suturing, skin stapling, taping, ...

The new drug for hepatitis C treatment comprises a combination of both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir which are both novel direct-acting antiviral agents.1These agents possess great potency against the hepatitis C virus.2The high cost of the new hepatitis C can be justified with several reasons. Both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir may be administered as single tablets which may have or lack ribavirin and are to be taken once per day for a duration of 8, 12, or even 24 weeks.3 A justification for the high price of up to $1000 per pill, and $84,000 for a therapeutic duration of 12 weeks with sofosbuvir ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

The major health challenge faced by individuals living within Newark revolves around sexually transmitted diseases. Based on the community`s medical statistics over four thousand individuals have had one of two common STD`s within the region. The common STD`s within Newark include Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Of the over four thousand individuals, 3,022 have had Chlamydia while 1,228 have had gonorrhea. The rational implemented while choosing the STD`s included identifying a health issue that closely links with reproductive health as identified within the healthy people 2020 (Office of Population Affairs, 2010). In addition, the rational also ...

- What was the topic for your presentation at the BCC Health Fair? (We had the topic for food and nutrition)

a. Was it difficult for you to speak to others to relay information?
Answer – It was not difficult for me to speak to other to relay information as the BCC Health Fair was about something that I am passionate about and have my distinctive views on the subject of health, which I relayed at the fair with ease.
b. What surprised you about the fair, in general?
Answer – One of the attendees demonstrated ...

Question 1

Are there possible criminal aspects of HIV/AIDS? Consider the case law presented in your textbook and elsewhere, and explain. Please provide specific examples.

The intentional spread of HIV is considered a criminal act. Pozgar (2012, p. 362) describes the case of an inmate who knew that he was infected with both HIV and the hepatitis virus. He was also informed of the ways that he can transmit the infection to others. He bit two correctional officers knowing that he can possibly infect them in this way. He was consequently charged with assault and battery. In State of Louisiana v. Schmidt, ...

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a disease that affects over 33 million people around the world. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell necessary to fight off infections, and it also kills off nearby cells with toxic byproducts. Eventually, it overwhelms the immune system's ability to fix itself (AEGIS, 2012). When HIV/AIDS first showed up in the United States, it mostly affected homosexual men. Now, though, it’s clear that anyone of any age, race, gender, ...

Significant characteristics of a disease

Virulence is a term that describes “the capacity of a microbe to cause disease after infection”. It is a multifaceted phenomenon is dependent on the “context and nature of the interaction between the host and the microbe.” The number of fatalities that occur as a result of infection by a given pathogen is used as a measure of the virulence. Based on this parameter, the Ebola virus would therefore be considered to be highly virulent as compared to small pox. Give that research has provided better understanding of pathogens thus led to the development of potent forms of therapy; some of the pathogens ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a life threatening condition that is caused by a virus from the Coronaviridae family. The SARS virus is believed to have originated from the Guangdong province of southern China before spreading to Hong Kong, Canada and the United States of America. The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 7 days but it may last up to 10 days. Like other respiratory disease, SARS is spread through direct contact; long range and short range. The major agent of transmission is the droplet nuclei. The symptoms of the disease include: fever, chills, malaise, cough, dyspnea and ...

Change in practice is essential in nursing because it enables medical practitioners to identify the best practices that can help them to offer better medical care to the patients. Many patients are diagnosed with various infections which require to be treated in order to enhance a healthy living. One of the major infections affecting people is Catheter Association Urinary Tract Infections (CA-UTI). This infection is common in acute care settings and thus measures are required in order to address such a problem. CA-UTI is known to occur after three months of postintervention. If this postintervention program is sustained for more than ...

Sexually transmitted diseases pose a health challenge among the adolescents in Newark, New Jersey. Recent statistics indicate that there have occurred 3,022 cases of Chlamydia along with 1,228 cases of gonorrhea during 2012 in the region. Going by this statistics, STD`s appear to present a health challenge within the region which requires addressing as per the goals stated under healthy people 2020 (Office of Population Affairs, 2010). The scope of the health education covers a specific age group within the region. The health education focuses on teenagers and raising awareness regarding the diseases. The education needs revolve around the ...

History of the patient

The patient’s name has been changed and will be referred as John. The patient is a 25-year-old man living in New York City. He was diagnosed in 2010, that he had type 2 diabetes. Before that, he had all the symptoms of a person suffering from hyperglycaemia. According to his glucose level, that was 118-127 mg/dl, it was said to be ‘borderline diabetes’. The only action taken was that the patient was told to lose weight. He was referred to this clinic, which specialises in diabetes. This is because the patient’s weight continued to increase and his feet ...

- Non-specific immunity provides the first line of defense against infection. Non-specific immune responses are directed towards a wide range of pathogens, for example, the epithelium provides a physical barrier to the entry of pathogens in addition to producing other antimicrobial factors. Specific immunity takes some time to develop. It allows for a response directed towards a specific antigen. Innate immunity is nonspecific. It provides the first line of defense against infection. Its components include macrophages and neutrophils; barriers like skin, and antimicrobial substances synthesized by the body. Acquired immunity is highly specific. It involves antigen processing and presentation, which induces the production ...

Etiology

Severe renal malfunction and acute kidney ailment, results to kidneys losing their capability to filter and get rid of extra fluid and waste from the human body. Hemodialysis is a technique that uses artificial membrane known as a dialyzer to: get rid of body wastes, such as urea and creatinine from the blood; bring-back the appropriate balance of electrolytes in the human blood; and get rid of unnecessary fluid of the human body. (Hobbs, 1979). Hemodyalysis is among the three therapies that involve renal replacement, the other two are peritoneal and renal transplant dialysis. An alternative technique for extracorporeal filtering of ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

Evidence based practice and applied nursing research are interrelated with emphasis being put on utilization of research related nursing practice. Nurses are encouraged to utilize research findings in order to make an impact on the health of individuals and groups that are under their Care and this has been directly linked to the development of the Evidence Based Practice (EBP). EBP is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that is rapidly gaining popularity; its basic principle is that all decisions and interventions are made based on research studies and evidence derived from systematic collection of data, observation, experiment, questionnaire ...

SARS Disease Outbreak

The SARS disease outbreak occurred in 2003 when the World Health Organization issued a global alert on the disease that was similar to pneumonia (Wei et al., 2009). Similar cases were experienced in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Other countries affected included Germany, United States, and Canada. The disease spread from Beijing leading to an outbreak in Tianjin city. According to Wei et al., (2009), 175 probable cases of SARS were reported. This included 21 deaths. The transfer of patients from one hospital to another stimulated the spread of the disease. A patient that was suspected of ...

Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in South Africa

Introduction
Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is viral disease that affects animals but can be transmitted from animals to human beings. To be more precise, it is a zoonotic arthropod-borne germ that leads to stern mortality and morbidity in both livestock and human beings. It is usually spread by Culex or Aedes mosquitoes. The disease was first discovered in Kenya around Lake Naivasha in 1915 following deaths of many sheep in a farm. According to the studies that were undertaken during this period, it was discovered that the disease was originated from a virus that infected goats, sheep and cattle as well ...

Introduction

Proteins are food substances that are consumed with intention of maintaining the human hygiene and improving the status of health of living beings. However, there is a differentiated class of proteins that is referred to as the deceptive proteins. Grammatically, the term deceptive means something that is likely to create a notion that is different from the truth. In this case, the term deceptive protein is used to mean a category of protein that is intended to ensure balanced diet but instead creates a different impact in the performance of the body organs. For instance, deceptive proteins are said to create ...

Answers

- The differences between the cardiovascular diseases and the coronary heart diseases

The major differences between these two types of diseases relates to the vascular components of the cardiovascular system. This simply means that the cardiovascular diseases do not only involve the heart alone but also involves all the heart linked vessels. i.e all arteries, veins and lymphatics found to be associated with the heart and blood passes to and from the heart. However, the coronary heart diseases only relate to the vessels that are within the heart itself and supply the heart itself and also the muscles of ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by SARS corona virus (SARS-CoV). It is a dangerous, not well understood, and easy to transmit disease. Its most dangerous features are that SARS outbreaks occur within the hospital setting, it can be deadly, and has no definitive set of symptoms. There is a distinct probability of another global outbreak of SARS.

On February 28, 2003, Carlo Urbani, a medical doctor working for the World Health Organization in Vietnam, examined an American patient in a French hospital in Hanoi. The patient presented with atypical pneumonia, a respiratory disease with an unusual panel of symptoms. ...

My patient is a seventy five year old African American man with Geriatric condition. Geriatric is a condition that affects elderly people. The medication administered to such individuals is called Geriatric medicine. It is also called family medicine or internal medicine. This medicine helps to promote the prevention of disabilities and diseases in older adults (Kagan, 2010). The physician who administers geriatric medicine to the patient is called a geriatric physician or a geriatrician. In other words, Geriatrics is the ‘care of elderly or aged individuals’.

As said above, my patient is a seventy-five old African American male. His name is Caleb Rama. ...

Question 1

What might be some potential negative and positive behaviors occurring with the issue of the Muslim nurse’s wearing of the Hijab?

One of the negative behaviors that occur with the issue if Muslim nurse’s wearing of Hijab is frustration. The nurse became frustrated since the Infection Control staff kept on telling her to remove it despite it being a requirement for Muslim women. Another negative behavior that may come up is domination. The Infection Control Staff do not understand that the nurse cannot remove her Hijab. Hence, by using their power, they try to force her to do ...

1. Preventive practices for Lyme disease

Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne disease in the U.S and Europe yet it is highly preventable by simple, safe and cost effective strategies. The most effective method of preventing the disease is avoiding tick-infested places. Never the less, since this may not be possible other preventive practices for lime disease include using insect repellant chemicals, using personal protective clothes (this could include light-colored clothes to enhance detection of ticks and clothes that cover as much skin as possible), regularly checking the body and clothing for ticks and quickly removing them, applying acaricides on animals and property, ...

As of 2007 there were an estimated 2.5 million new cases of HIV infection worldwide, however the UNAIDS estimates that the number of cases has remained level since 2001; recent reduction in the number of infections is attributed to natural trends of the infection itself as well as an increase in the number prevention programs leading to behavioral changes (Harrison’s, 2008). Since the initiation of and the widespread use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995-1996, there has been a marked decline in the number of patients affected by AIDS-defining illness as well as an improvement in the ...

Medicare part (A) covers skilled nursing facility, hospice, home health facilities homecare, nursing home care and inpatient hospital care (Hess, 2012, p.560). Medicare part A will normally recompense for the charges during the first sixty days after one pays the deductibles.

Medicare part A willfully cover Mrs. Zwick’s impatient hospital care for the five days stay. It will cover fully the cost of the first 20days, and partially the cost of the 21st day. It fully covers the homecare services as well. This premium will cater for Mrs. Zwick’s medical expenses while at the skilled nursing facility ...

Introduction

A.1 Outbreak Description

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is one of the twenty-first century viral respiratory diseases occurring in humans. The causative organism is the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Since the first infection was detected in Hong Kong it has escalated into a public health concern requiring immediate intervention (Smith, 2006).
Reports have been that during November 2002 and July 2003 there has been an outbreak of the disease. It was so acute that it reached pandemic proportions starting in Hong Kong. The spread continued to 37 other countries with fatality estimation by world Health Organization of 10.9%. However, the ...

Diverticulitis refers to the rupturing of the diverticuli resulting to infection in the tissues that surround the colon. Diverticuli refers to small bulging sacs in the inner wall of the intestine which are as a result of pressure within the colon as a person ages. The sacs are known as diverticulum in singular and diverticuli in plural. Scholars have argued that a lower fiber diet may contribute to the development of diverticuli owing to the fact that the colon has to use more pressure to push the stool forward. Diverticulitis then occurs as a result of faces being trapped on the diverticuli resulting ...

The risk of death by patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) stems not only from their critical illness but also from nasocomial infection. Among the critically ill patients, pneumonia is one of the most common nasocomial infections, affecting 27% of the patients (Cai, 2011). Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as it is commonly referred occur 48 hours or more after admission and endotracheal intubation (mechanical ventilation) of the patient (Drakulovic, 1999). The frequency of nasocomial pneumonia varies among the types of ICUs with high incidences of VAP mortality reported in children’s pediatric intensive care unit ( ...

Known as the second deadliest disease in the world, tuberculosis remains a high rated disease with remarkable fatal rates. As earlier stated it is caused by a small aerobic, non motile bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis which in most cases lives in the lungs. This pathogen has a high lipid content, which confers to its unique characteristics.
Tuberculosis is a worldwide disease that can be contacted by anybody so long as they are in contact with this bacterium. However, there is a population which is at risk of contacting this disease known as the target population. The target population is associated with risk ...

5A. Niche Clientele is a portion of the market that an organization identifies as having some special features and determines that it is worth marketing to that portion of the market. The organizations tend to use niche clientele most often are those in the private sector-such organizations are owned and run by individuals. Considering a micro-finance: the questions usually asked in this case is: who will be their clientele with specific features and how will knowing their clientele help the organization? Such small finance corporation will often target people with low income or middle income level people. Understanding the specific income ...

- Lifestyle diseases occur due to the change in the daily habits of people because of an inappropriate relationship of people and the environment. Factors contributing to lifestyle diseases include poor eating habits, bad posture during working, and physical inactivity. According to World Health Organization (2009), report unhealthy lifestyles and faulty diet account for many deaths in the world today (Glennie, 2010). Working people suffer depression, obesity, backache, and diabetes. Glennie (2010) argues that many adults suffer hypertension and store due to lack of inactivity since they work for long hours in order to meet strict deadlines. Other occupational ...

Emergency situation occurs when hazards threaten the safety and well-being of the community. Ironically, hazards exist around us, and there are always risks that these hazards escalate to a level where emergency situation needs to be declared. Without proper management, emergency situation can escalate to a disaster. The idea of emergency preparedness is to prevent hazard from threatening the community, and responding to an emergency situation so that disaster can be prevented.

New York City is home of more than 8 million people, and this city is not immune to hazards. In fact, the city officials recognize 12 hazards consisting of ...

Traditionally, the prevention of infections focused solely on the patient outcomes with less regard to financial and resource usage during the prevention. However, with the emergence of the new trends in healthcare governance and accounting of resources there has been a need to place focus on the financial aspect of prevention (Lipke, & Hyott, 2010).

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and as such, surgical site infections fall within this category where preventionists must focus on the financial implications both to the patient and the institution alongside patient outcomes. In the society, social class disparity has been reckoned as a major influencing factor in ...

Introduction

Terrorist groups according to (Gerwehr et al. 42), are violent groups which or organizations that seek completely to dominate and influence the lives of members. Recruits are individuals who have gone beyond minimal exposure to terrorism activities of a given group, and have been incorporated and well acquainted to the doctrines of that particular group. Potential recruits, on the other hand, are those who are identified by terrorists as being fit and ready for recruitment into terrorism activities. Others may be those who decide to join terrorism groups without coercion from other parties. These usually are influenced by their environment ...

Question One

A theory is a logical explanation to the existence of a given phenomenon or situation. It acts as a basic principle that to explain why something is in existence or is happening. For any explanation to be approved as a theory there has to be evidence and a level of truth to support a theory. Theories act as the basic explanation towards getting deeper knowledge as to why certain scenarios are in existence. In many cases for any explanation to be termed as a theory, it must have some truth. One of the most notable theories is the evolution theory. Charles Darwin developed the Darwin’s ...

Question 1

The drug that would be recommendable for the treatment of acute otitis media in a patient with penicillin allergy would be trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (Sadé,1986). This combination will be necessary to offer empirical coverage for ntHi.

Question 2

Goldenseal is a natural antibiotic that can be used as an alternative remedy to reduce inflammation and remove infections. It is herbal remedy that is commonly used by the Native Americans. However this herbal remedy comes with side effects such as brain damage if they are administered to the newborns (Friedman, Barassi, 2001). Therefore, it is highly advised to avoid administering the drug to ...

Opportunistic pathogen

A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause a disease or has the ability to cause a disease. An opportunistic pathogen is not different from any other kind of pathogen. The only difference is that, an opportunistic pathogen can cause a disease in a person who has a lower immunity or an impaired immune system, but not in someone who is healthy. In other words, an opportunistic pathogen, which can otherwise not harm a person, finds an opportunity to establish himself in the affected person’s body and cause some kind of disease (Pirofski, 2012).

An example of an opportunistic pathogen is the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which ...

Arguably, health care is very crucial in every country. As a matter of fact, health care conditions and health care funding have some correlation in South Korea. Currently, the health care funding is approximately 2.59 % of the private GDP. This funding include health expenditure on private insurance, direct household spending, as well as charitable donations. The total of health care expenditure is 6.5% of the GDP. In this percentage, approximately 58% of 6.5% GDP goes to government expenditure, while 42% is from the private expenditure. Per capita health care expenditure in South Korea is approximately US$ 1439.

South Korea has ...

Introduction

Infectious diseases have been affecting humans since diseases and germs were discovered. No sophisticated antibiotics or antiviral medications were available to treat neither disease nor epidemiological records to trace their origin and destinations. In contemporary societies mankind is so advanced in science and technology that, viruses, bacteria, fungi and other types of microorganisms are detected, sensitivity identified; epidemiological implications uncovered and prognoses delivered. This discussion provides an epidemiological evaluation of the Avian influenza infection as a twenty first century pandemic.

A.1 Description of Outbreak

Avian influenza is a viral infection similar to bird flu/ swine flu, dog flu, horse flu, or human flu. Epidemiologists have ...

The Case Scenario

Recent clinical evidence-based guidelines suggest that a “watch and see” approach may be best in the management of pediatric acute otitis media. In this case scenario,
a team of nurses in the outpatient clinic are considering whether they should use this approach to manage AOM in the children they see. They plan to evaluate clinical studies before making their final decision. The nurses are also aware of the possibility of parental concerns concerning a change in treatment protocols. The studies are analyzed in this paper.

Cautionary use of Antibiotics in Acute Otitis Media

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common pediatric bacterial infection in the U.S. and ...

Abstract

It is disheartening to stand and watch infants and children come for clinical checkups and get pumped with one antibiotic after another. Sad still is the fact that most parents tend to believe that by so doing, they are helping their children overcome illnesses. Acute otitis media, an occurrence that is quite prone to children between two months and two years, has shown warring trend lately. The challenge that is present is in the fact that enormous works have supported antibiotic administration to cure and curb the spread of the infections. However, it is not until lately that the ...

Part One - Computer Viruses Manual

Understanding computer virus

A computer virus is a term used to describe malware or basically, any computer program that has the potential of copying itself onto a computer without the intervention of other programs or users. Viruses include malware like adware and spyware, though this malware do not have reproductive ability (Amoroso 1999). A computer virus has a reproductive ability to regenerate itself and infect other computers or other applications within the same machine. A virus can spread rapidly over networks or insecure intranets. It can also be spread by removable medium like USB drive and CDs.

Computer viruses term implies all ...