Viruses Course Works Samples For Students

Biology is pertinent in studying about life. The subject has assisted me in understanding of the world and its inhabitants. Often, many people fail to comprehend the importance of species diversity. Some people are not able to understand the role played by microorganisms such as bacteria. There is much emphasis on the problems that fungi and bacteria cause. It is not easy for most people to visualize the positive role played by microorganisms. There is scarcity of resources in the planet. This means that organisms must compete for such resources. Perhaps, man fears competition. Maybe, I was once one ...

The risk of death by patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) stems not only from their critical illness but also from nasocomial infection. Among the critically ill patients, pneumonia is one of the most common nasocomial infections, affecting 27% of the patients (Cai, 2011). Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as it is commonly referred occur 48 hours or more after admission and endotracheal intubation (mechanical ventilation) of the patient (Drakulovic, 1999). The frequency of nasocomial pneumonia varies among the types of ICUs with high incidences of VAP mortality reported in children’s pediatric intensive care unit ( ...

Introduction

Proteins are food substances that are consumed with intention of maintaining the human hygiene and improving the status of health of living beings. However, there is a differentiated class of proteins that is referred to as the deceptive proteins. Grammatically, the term deceptive means something that is likely to create a notion that is different from the truth. In this case, the term deceptive protein is used to mean a category of protein that is intended to ensure balanced diet but instead creates a different impact in the performance of the body organs. For instance, deceptive proteins are said to create ...

Creative thinking is a term that can encompass all fields of human knowledge and expertise. Creative thinkers are the greatest assets that humankind can boast of; they are the inventors and the people who challenge the conventional ways to arise with new methods of doing things. Highly creative people have numerous attributes that they share, from rejecting the conventional way of doing things through multiple approaches to problems to finally a future-oriented outlook.

I consider inventors to be the most creative people around. The inventors view problems differently from other people. While most people just accept things the way they ...

The conversation and series of treatments administered to Addie from 8:06 to 10:00 underscore the significance of the Gram negative bacteria which are encapsulated with an impermeable lipid bilayer, which confers upon them the ability to exclude and combat the effect of a wide range of antibiotics. This part of the video aptly depicts how the nasty bacterium Stenotrophomonas develops multi-drug resistance through acquisition of certain resistance genes.

The images in the clipping 16:45 to 16:55 accurately illustrate the horizontal gene transfer mechanism of antibiotic resistance of bacteria containing NDM-1 gene that encodes the enzyme metallo-beta-lactamase, which can degrade the ...

With the running of the complete antivirus scan on the computer, the AVG antivirus identified Generic5.RQT Adware and Adware Generic5.ANDA as threats. Below given are the detailed steps to eradicate them. These steps have been found by researching on the internet.

Generic5.RQT Adware Manual Removal Guide

In case that any mistake might occur and cause unpredictable damages, please spend some time on making a backup of important files, data and programs beforehand. Then follow these steps given as below to delete Adware Generic5.RQT virus:
1. Open Windows Task Manager by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete and end [random] processes related to this nasty virus;

2. ...

Introduction

Syphilis is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) that is usually associated with high-risk behaviors such as drug addiction, HIV-infected people and men who have sex with other men. Syphilis is transferred from one person to another by direct contact of externally occurring syphilis sores or from pregnant women to their unborn children (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012).

Stages

The stages of the disease syphilis are early, late and latent stages. The early stage consists of primary and secondary symptoms which are characterized by the occurrence of sores, rashes, swollen lymph glands, fever and fatigue (CDC Fact Sheet, 2012). The sore typically last ...

Bacterial Growth Curve

If a group of scientist were preparing to perform an experiment to characterize a bacterium's ability to utilize maltose as a sugar source, during which phase of the growth curve would it be best to sample the bacteria for your experiment? Why?

Bacterial growth can be divided into 4 phases, Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase and Death phase. Adaptation of bacteria to the environment mainly happens during the Lag phase. Bacteria start utilizing available nutrients and multiple in Log phase. In this case, the ability of Maltose utilization of a strain of bacteria could be done determined in the log phase. ...

Emergency situation occurs when hazards threaten the safety and well-being of the community. Ironically, hazards exist around us, and there are always risks that these hazards escalate to a level where emergency situation needs to be declared. Without proper management, emergency situation can escalate to a disaster. The idea of emergency preparedness is to prevent hazard from threatening the community, and responding to an emergency situation so that disaster can be prevented.

New York City is home of more than 8 million people, and this city is not immune to hazards. In fact, the city officials recognize 12 hazards consisting of ...

- What was the topic for your presentation at the BCC Health Fair? (We had the topic for food and nutrition)

a. Was it difficult for you to speak to others to relay information?
Answer – It was not difficult for me to speak to other to relay information as the BCC Health Fair was about something that I am passionate about and have my distinctive views on the subject of health, which I relayed at the fair with ease.
b. What surprised you about the fair, in general?
Answer – One of the attendees demonstrated ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

Sample: this helps to slim down the processing time by selection of a representative sample to get a crucial information. Some of the strategies include simple random and the stratification of samples that is a representation of the needed subgroups. It enables extraction of information that are critical. It obviates the problems of data validation, production of substandard results. This could be related to the program to determine the number of cases of individuals moved by the Ebola virus and hence the data should be the number of the great unwashed who are already with the virus.

Explore: one of the means ...

Describing the HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the group of retroviruses and carries ribonucleic acid (RNA) as genetic material. HIV infection occurs when the virus enters CD4+ T-cells of the host and causes the host cell to replicate viral RNA and proteins, which in turn invade the other host cells. HIV infection may be divided onto four stages depending on the clinical history, physical examination, status of immune dysfunction, signs and symptoms and infections/malignancies. The first stage or the primary infection is characterized by acute HIV syndrome with a dramatic drop in CH4+ T-cells (500 to 1500 cells/mm3). The second stage ...

The new drug for hepatitis C treatment comprises a combination of both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir which are both novel direct-acting antiviral agents.1These agents possess great potency against the hepatitis C virus.2The high cost of the new hepatitis C can be justified with several reasons. Both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir may be administered as single tablets which may have or lack ribavirin and are to be taken once per day for a duration of 8, 12, or even 24 weeks.3 A justification for the high price of up to $1000 per pill, and $84,000 for a therapeutic duration of 12 weeks with sofosbuvir ...

The world has been facing numerous outbreaks of diseases in the recent past. The most pressing outbreak posing a threat to the world now is Ebola. The Ebola virus first emerged in Zaire and Sudan in 1976. It’s from this region that the name Ebola came to be. Ebola a river found in Zaire where the virus was detected. In that year, it infected about two hundred and eighty-four people. The mortality rate was 53%. Later in the same year, about three hundred and eighteen people were infected with a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire. In 1989, imported monkeys from ...

In philosophy, essentialism is a view that, for any specific unit of existence such as an animal, a group of people, a set of physical objects, a concept, etc., there is a set of characteristics which distinguishes the unit from other entities, and gives it a unique identity and function. The presence of common characteristics defines that object, unit or entity.

The concept of essentialism is found in the works of Plato and Aristotle. Some examples given in the article Unclassified projects bacterial behavior as part of essentialism. One common characteristic that is found only in bacteria is that they do not interbreed at all; ...

Traditionally, the prevention of infections focused solely on the patient outcomes with less regard to financial and resource usage during the prevention. However, with the emergence of the new trends in healthcare governance and accounting of resources there has been a need to place focus on the financial aspect of prevention (Lipke, & Hyott, 2010).

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and as such, surgical site infections fall within this category where preventionists must focus on the financial implications both to the patient and the institution alongside patient outcomes. In the society, social class disparity has been reckoned as a major influencing factor in ...

The world is suffering from several problems, and these problems are common in the developing as well as in the developed world. Such as Julian Cribb has described in, ‘The Coming Famine’ that there is a problem global food shortage prevailing in the world. The resources of high demand such as land, water, technology, knowledge, and energy are depleting that is effecting the economic growth (Cribb, 2010). Similarly, the spread of the infectious diseases is also a global problem that has disturbed the countries worldwide. The advent of the novel infections and diseases and there-emergence of the previous infections has ...

For this assignment I have chosen to summarize a news article “Polio Outbreak in Syria Sickens 10 Children, Babies” by Katie Moisse for ABC News website. The article is dated 29th of October 2013 and informs on the outbreak of a dangerous virus in war-torned Syria.

According to the article, the outbreak started in the beginning of October 2013 in Deir Al Zour province, with reports fixing occurrences of acute flaccid paralysis, sign of polio disease. According to World Health Organization, ten of twenty suspected children were infected in October with polio, babies younger than 2 years among them. Due ...

A firewall is responsible for controlling access among devices such as computers, networks and servers. Firewalls are deployed between the safe zone and the unsafe zones such as the internet. Firewalls acts as filters for network traffic. Network connections traverse the firewall and unauthorized packets are stopped. The filtering mechanism is based on IP addresses and ports.

Originally, firewalls was designed a gateway to deny or access network resources. Firewalls can also inspect the contents of the data packets to filter other packets, block packets that contain offensive information and block intrusion attempts.

Firewall can be configured to monitor different ...

Olsen Erik D. in his scientific research article “Protecting food safety” looks at the situation regarding a safe food supply in the United States. Statically, about 47 million Americans suffer each year from various illnesses caused by food. Of them, almost 3,000 people die. Nearly a million of the population develops long-term chronic diseases, for example, arthritis, neural, and heart and vascular problems. Such illnesses are usually caused by pathogens that are present in the process of food production, preparation, etc. Scientists have also found out that sodium and artificial fats are the major cause of the population’s ...

- Non-specific immunity provides the first line of defense against infection. Non-specific immune responses are directed towards a wide range of pathogens, for example, the epithelium provides a physical barrier to the entry of pathogens in addition to producing other antimicrobial factors. Specific immunity takes some time to develop. It allows for a response directed towards a specific antigen. Innate immunity is nonspecific. It provides the first line of defense against infection. Its components include macrophages and neutrophils; barriers like skin, and antimicrobial substances synthesized by the body. Acquired immunity is highly specific. It involves antigen processing and presentation, which induces the production ...

Children Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS

Children comprise a demographic segment that is vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Children with HIV/AIDS face an array of health challenges, including opportunistic diseases, limited access to quality healthcare and diet, especially in poverty-stricken parts of the world (UNICEF, 2013, par.4; Stuart, Amy and Betsy, 2005, par.1). Children with HIV also face stigmatization from the community, which may lead to related health issues such as depression and trauma. This situation necessitates adoption of measures to reduce the vulnerability of children with HIV and promote their health.

Health Promotion Activities

There are various health promotion activities that the community and other stakeholders can adopt to promote ...

Microbial nutrition is essential in the survival and growth of microorganisms. Talaro and Chess considers several factors which are key players in the survivability of microbes in order to adapt or “inhabit all parts of the biosphere.” Among these factors include nutrients, temperature, pH, water availability, atmospheric gases, light, pressure and other organisms inhabiting the earth. Nutrition in essence is that which chemical substance in the form of nutrients are ingested inside the body such that when assimilated leads to the formation of energy to be used for metabolic activities.

Organisms require organic forming compound elements such as ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

A disease is defined as a condition that is abnormal in the body of a living thing. It can be communicable or non-communicable. A communicable disease is that which can be infected from person to person through bodily contact. A non-communicable disease is the opposite. It is both non-transmissible and non-infectious. That is to say, it cannot be infected from person to person through bodily contact. Some good examples of non-communicable diseases (NCD) are Alzheimer’s disease, Osteoporosis, diabetes and cataracts. To add to that, good examples of communicable diseases (CD) are measles, influenza, HIV, chicken pox, nausea and Pinkeye. In ...

Introduction Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are defined as infections that occur mainly when a patient is catheterized and germs invade the blood steam via the catheter that is placed in a large vein to ensure the patient gets the necessary fluids, medication or even blood and speedy medical tests in some cases(vdh.virginia.gov). The severity of the infection depend on various factors, like hospitalization length and catheter-related factors, among many others (vdh.virginia.gov).

According to the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, a Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, about 18,000 ICU patients experienced CLABSIs and another 23,000 patients ...

Lily is a 20-year-old student who reported having a sore throat for the past three days and experiencing various related symptoms, including decreased appetite, headaches, and painful swallowing. In addition, it is possible to notice that the patient has a hoarse voice and a runny nose. It is possible to suggest that she suffers from a viral upper respiratory infection (URI), but several additional diagnoses should be suspected (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2012).

When assessing the patient’s health history, it is important to collect information about previous instances of bronchitis, allergies, immune incompetence, asthma, and inquire about the patient’s cigarette smoking habit ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

The 1918 influenza pandemic has been aptly described as the mother of all pandemics. It led to the death of approximately 50 million people worldwide. A lot of questions about the pandemic still remain unanswered. Its unusual epidemiological features, the factors contributing to its high pathogenecity among other things are not known. It is estimated that about one third of the world population was infected by the virus and case fatality rate was >2.5% when compared to <0.1% in other influenza pandemics.

I believe that it is imperative for all these unanswered questions to be unanswered as ...

Firewalls and IDS are easy to use. Installation was easy to be undertaken. The controls that are required are undertaken with ease. Firewalls and IDS have updated controls which make their use easy. It is not hard to monitor the networks with the use of IDS. After using these tools for a long time, I found out that controls to manage the network are developed and easy to learn on your own. I was able to monitor the network. These tools are important in managing computer networks. With the increasing rise of internet use, Network-based IDS have become popular to ...

Introduction

CD4 is a cellular immune response co-receptor that raises the avidity of relationship between an antigen-presenting cell and a T-cell through interaction with non-polymorphic parts of the complex between T-cell receptor and major histocompatibility class II molecules. It directly contributes to transduction of signal via cytoplasmic relationship with the lymphocyte kinase. CD4 also plays a role as the high-affinity receptor for attachment of cells as well as entrance of HIV. The CD4 extracellular part consists of domains that resemble immunoglobulin D1 to D4. This component of the CD4 has been qualified as a recombinant soluble protein, and crystal structures have been identified for ...

Discussion Questions on Clinical Nursing

1. The cephalosporins are a family of bactericidal antibiotics structurally related to penicillin which were first derived from the fungus, Cephalosporum acremonium. 

Cephalosporins are the most frequently prescribed class for antibiotics (eMedexpert, 2011). This class’ mode of action is similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephamycins. Every form of bacteria cell has a certain cell wall for protection. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, which makes the bacteria cell walls break down and the bacteria eventually die (eMedexpert, 2011). One intravenous (IV) drug under this class is cefazolin. For adults, dosage for ...

Opportunistic pathogen

A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause a disease or has the ability to cause a disease. An opportunistic pathogen is not different from any other kind of pathogen. The only difference is that, an opportunistic pathogen can cause a disease in a person who has a lower immunity or an impaired immune system, but not in someone who is healthy. In other words, an opportunistic pathogen, which can otherwise not harm a person, finds an opportunity to establish himself in the affected person’s body and cause some kind of disease (Pirofski, 2012).

An example of an opportunistic pathogen is the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which ...

Abstract

In the case of Patsy Slone vs. Dollar Inn, the case at hand involves the plaintiff suing the defendant for negligence that caused her an emotional distress on the fear that she could be having the AIDS virus after she was pierced by a needle while being a guest at the defendant’s establishment. This requires a compensation for damage even without evidence that the plaintiff actually contracted the virus. It is evident from the claim that although she did not have the virus, she had suffered greatly from the trauma and fear that she might have contracted the virus. As a result ...

Hantavirus Cariopulmonary Syndrome

Hantaviruses are a group of RNA viruses, which are members of the Bunyaviridae virus family. several serotypes have been identified worldwide. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome is a disease syndrome which is caused by the Sin Nombre Virus (SNV). however, some other strains of the Hantavirus family could also cause disease syndromes which are very similar in presentation to Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome. (Cunha, 2011). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hantavirus infection in humans is classified as an emerging infectious disease. this is because a lot of facts remain unknown about the disease and its presentation in humans. however, Hantavirus ...

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a disease that affects over 33 million people around the world. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell necessary to fight off infections, and it also kills off nearby cells with toxic byproducts. Eventually, it overwhelms the immune system's ability to fix itself (AEGIS, 2012). When HIV/AIDS first showed up in the United States, it mostly affected homosexual men. Now, though, it’s clear that anyone of any age, race, gender, ...

Introduction

A.1 Outbreak Description

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is one of the twenty-first century viral respiratory diseases occurring in humans. The causative organism is the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Since the first infection was detected in Hong Kong it has escalated into a public health concern requiring immediate intervention (Smith, 2006).
Reports have been that during November 2002 and July 2003 there has been an outbreak of the disease. It was so acute that it reached pandemic proportions starting in Hong Kong. The spread continued to 37 other countries with fatality estimation by world Health Organization of 10.9%. However, the ...

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS, a condition that affects over 33 million people worldwide. When HIV enters the body, it attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell vital to fighting off various infections, and it eventually overwhelms the immune system's capacity to regenerate or to fight other infections. HIV can also affect bystander cells with toxic byproducts (AEGIS, 2012). Scientists believe HIV came from a similar virus that first occurred in some populations of chimps and monkeys in Africa, where they're hunted for food. During ...

SARS Disease Outbreak

The SARS disease outbreak occurred in 2003 when the World Health Organization issued a global alert on the disease that was similar to pneumonia (Wei et al., 2009). Similar cases were experienced in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Other countries affected included Germany, United States, and Canada. The disease spread from Beijing leading to an outbreak in Tianjin city. According to Wei et al., (2009), 175 probable cases of SARS were reported. This included 21 deaths. The transfer of patients from one hospital to another stimulated the spread of the disease. A patient that was suspected of ...

Introduction

Infectious diseases have been affecting humans since diseases and germs were discovered. No sophisticated antibiotics or antiviral medications were available to treat neither disease nor epidemiological records to trace their origin and destinations. In contemporary societies mankind is so advanced in science and technology that, viruses, bacteria, fungi and other types of microorganisms are detected, sensitivity identified; epidemiological implications uncovered and prognoses delivered. This discussion provides an epidemiological evaluation of the Avian influenza infection as a twenty first century pandemic.

A.1 Description of Outbreak

Avian influenza is a viral infection similar to bird flu/ swine flu, dog flu, horse flu, or human flu. Epidemiologists have ...

Significant characteristics of a disease

Virulence is a term that describes “the capacity of a microbe to cause disease after infection”. It is a multifaceted phenomenon is dependent on the “context and nature of the interaction between the host and the microbe.” The number of fatalities that occur as a result of infection by a given pathogen is used as a measure of the virulence. Based on this parameter, the Ebola virus would therefore be considered to be highly virulent as compared to small pox. Give that research has provided better understanding of pathogens thus led to the development of potent forms of therapy; some of the pathogens ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a life threatening condition that is caused by a virus from the Coronaviridae family. The SARS virus is believed to have originated from the Guangdong province of southern China before spreading to Hong Kong, Canada and the United States of America. The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 7 days but it may last up to 10 days. Like other respiratory disease, SARS is spread through direct contact; long range and short range. The major agent of transmission is the droplet nuclei. The symptoms of the disease include: fever, chills, malaise, cough, dyspnea and ...

1942, Selman Maksman coined the word antibiotics. They are substances that are produced by microorganisms. They either slow down the growth of other bacteria or kill them right away. Examples include the beta-lactam antibiotics which consist of the penicilins. Others include the Carbapenems, the cephalosporins, the aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides and the oxazolidinones. Also, they could be classified as either bacteriostatic agents that slow down or inhibit the growth of bacteria or bactericidal agents which kill bacteria. Their discovery and use in medical science is of immense magnitude. They equally reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity of patients infected ...

Introduction

Performance of computers is significantly reduced due to the presence of spyware software, viruses, disorganized hard drive and unnecessary files such as the temporary files that allow provide easier access to browsing sites. Viruses contribute in reducing the performance of the PC. Spyware applications enable unwanted personnel to view a user’s browsing activity. A number of spyware removal applications are available.

Spyzooka Software

This spyware removal software detects, removes and blocks all types of Adware and spyware threats. This software has the most updated features that allow it to fight spyware consistently. At a cost of $29.95 for one computer, Spyzooka provides ...

Anti-virus solutions cannot be really trusted today for protecting the systems from malwares or spywares. . There are some alternatives available, instead of depending completely on anti-virus software, to protect the system and to achieve your desired level of control on security of the system. In this section user can get to know about such alternatives for antivirus or measures which can be taken to protect the system.

Laptops and desktop systems have become an important part of our lives. Most of the businesses have shifted from manual hardcopies to automated systems. So, it has become mandatory to secure our ...

Abstract

Routine shaving of surgical site on preoperative patients is an issue that has raised heated debate over the past thirty or so years, and one that is yet to be resolved. Initially, it was thought and continues to be argued that shaving of surgical sites on preoperative patients reduces the risks of surgical site infection. This however has found different results with some in support of shaving while providing unquestionable evidence while others oppose and provide similar yet contradicting evidence on the utility of shaving on preoperative. However, despite this bewilderment, shaving continues to be a practice that is embedded ...

Abstract

The paper highlights the major threats to our personal computers. There may be internal or external threats to our system. Some of these include boot sector, multipartite, attack of worms and viruses, macro, Trojan horse etc. The author has attempted to define all these terms precisely and to the best of his knowledge.

INTRODUCTION TO LAN TECHNOLOGIES

Boot Sector: Virus that contaminates the first sector, which is usually a bootable disk, is known as boot sector virus. The virus is especially dangerous as it does not merely affect files but instead affects the disk itself.

File: A file is used to store data on ...

Introduction

The tongue is comprised of small chemosensory receptors which detect different tastes such as sweet, sour or bitter. The information from the receptors is conveyed through the facial nerve, the glosspharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve. The masking of the taste of the drugs is often done for several reasons. Key among these reasons is to avoid irritation of the stomach and the gut in addition to prevention of inactivation of the drug once it gets to the stomach.

The taste masking technologies can be grouped under three major categories which are: novel technologies, physical barriers, solid dispersion and ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Free malware protection options come in various forms. They can be applications that offer specific protection against specific malwares [example is the Brontok removal tool by Symantec laboratories] or software that offer protection against a wide range of malwares [example is the windows malware removal tool]. They can also be in the form of free versions of well established antivirus programs. These include free versions of AVG antivirus, Avast antivirus, Panda antivirus.
I have had to use these entire malware removals tool at one time or the other since I began using a computer. I remember the time my laptop ...

Cyber security refers to a mechanism and a collective process that is used for protecting the valuable and delicate data and services from interference, access and publication from unauthorized persons (Stewart, E.L. 1999). However, there are many challenges that face it.
Phishing, is the infiltration of software (zombies) to people’s accounts. This can make it possible for these people to access the users’ secret data. Hence, making it easier for them to alter important information and worse enough, hacking such accounts.
Network security is the use of the technologically designed viruses and worms in order to intentionally alter ...

Diagnosis of the gastrointestinal conditions is important in that it ensure appropriate intervention. It is important for the medical provider to adhere to certain protocols that would guide him or her manage the condition successfully. The first section that should be considered is the history of the present illness. History is very important. Some gastrointestinal conditions are heredity. The practitioner should ask the patient to clarify about the etiology of the disease (Walker, 2008).

The practitioner should also find out about the past medical history. Dietary history of the patient is very important as far as gastrointestinal system is ...

Methods of supporting operating systems

When supporting an operating system, there are some important questions that user needs to ask before him/her. These questions include the following:

I. When the computer is a plugged in
II. The type of operating system that is running on the computer.
III. If there has been a problem experienced recently before the problem occurred.
IV. Whether there is anti-virus software that has been installed on the computer
V. The time that the problem started.

After the answers to these problems have been got, the next step is to reboot the computer. If the problem still persists, ...

Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever in South Africa

Introduction
Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is viral disease that affects animals but can be transmitted from animals to human beings. To be more precise, it is a zoonotic arthropod-borne germ that leads to stern mortality and morbidity in both livestock and human beings. It is usually spread by Culex or Aedes mosquitoes. The disease was first discovered in Kenya around Lake Naivasha in 1915 following deaths of many sheep in a farm. According to the studies that were undertaken during this period, it was discovered that the disease was originated from a virus that infected goats, sheep and cattle as well ...

Part One - Computer Viruses Manual

Understanding computer virus

A computer virus is a term used to describe malware or basically, any computer program that has the potential of copying itself onto a computer without the intervention of other programs or users. Viruses include malware like adware and spyware, though this malware do not have reproductive ability (Amoroso 1999). A computer virus has a reproductive ability to regenerate itself and infect other computers or other applications within the same machine. A virus can spread rapidly over networks or insecure intranets. It can also be spread by removable medium like USB drive and CDs.

Computer viruses term implies all ...

Write a 200 to 300 word response explaining how the physiological process of reproduction differs among the following organisms: Bacteria, Grasshopper, Fish, and Bear.

Among the four groups given, bacteria are the only animals that are capable of reproducing either asexually or sexually (Mader, 2004). This means that the reproduction process can either involve two parents or one parent. When bacteria reproduce asexually they produce offspring identical to the parent in a process called binary fission. The parent bacterium splits into two daughter cells. In sexual reproduction, the offspring is a product of two bacteria (Mader, 2004).

In the case of grasshoppers, ...

Question 1: In some developing countries, antibiotics can be purchased without a prescription. Why do you think this is done? What biological consequences would you predict?

Developing countries have a very weak drug regulation system, characterized with low number of physicians per person. Often, one physician has to attend to a large number of patients, and usually some communities live in places where physicians are rare and hospitals are not easily accessible. In addition, the fees charged for just seeing a physician is quite high for moist people to afford. The government thus allows the sale of some antibiotics in shops and chemist ...

Viruses do not possess all of the qualities of living things and so don’t tend to be classified in the standard hierarchy of living organisms. Therefore, they are not part of any of the five kingdoms of life (Five).
Viruses are one of the major unsolved mysteries in biology (Five). They are not made up of cells, and therefore cannot be grouped with prokaryotes or eukaryotes. They are thought to be somewhere between living and non-living systems.
Viruses aren't living beings because they cannot reproduce independently, unlike fungi and bacteria etc. (ICTV). Additionally, viruses don't contain ...

Introduction

Injections are among the most common health care procedures throughout the world but there is a general reluctance among some people to accept the injection without cleaning the location with alcohol swab. According to World Health Organization, there is a no need to routinely apply alcohol swab for the skin preparation before subcutaneous, intra-dermal and intramuscular injection. For the purpose of this survey, the term injection refers to intramuscular, intra-dermal and subcutaneous injections: it does not include intravenous or intra-articular injections. In medical health care, an injection is the introduction of a drug, vaccine, contraceptive or other therapeutic agent into the body ...