Part 1
Al Musilli was amazed by the entire silver production process. In his article, Al Musili describes the whole silver mining process. He begins by identifying the 37 mills that were used in the grinding of stones that bore silver both during the night and during the day. After the grinding process was over, quantities of approximately 5000 lbs were taken and piled together to form several piles. Water was then added to each pile and mercury was added later to it based on its needs. Shovels were then used in stirring the mixture and mercury-added when necessary. Moreover, if it turned cold by nature, copper was then added until it became warm. However, if it turned warm by nature, lead was used in cooling it.
The sample is then scooped in clay utensils and then washed with the water so as to ensure that mercury and lead were removed from the process. After this process, the sample is then smeared on the aforementioned clay pot. If it crumbles in the process, then it is will be considered to be hot but if it sticks on the clay pot, then it will be considered as cold. When the sample is well tempered, it will stick to the pot made of clay. Water is then allowed to flow over it and then stirred with finesse. After the washing process is complete, overflow of water is stopped as lastly the cleaning of the basin takes place.
Al- Musili identified the number of workers as 700. According to this information, we could classify the workers as those in need. The number was too big for them to work in the mine.
Historians of the Nation-state
The rise of the nation states resulted in the promotion of history as a profession. Several factors played a crucial role in the development of nation states as a profession. For instance, the historians from different countries had decided to gather relevant documents which legitimated the expansion of the unified nation states. Therefore, they decided to concern themselves with issues related to institutional development, governments, state formation and the rise of imperial powers. The builders of the nation during the nineteenth century selected professional historians as well as trained them in the study and research of the past. Additionally, they were tasked with researching materials that had verifiable happenings of the past.
Part 2
De Gouges in her article includes the women where they were omitted from the declaration of the male counterparts’ rights. Nevertheless, she does not only include the rights but also includes the obligations that come with such rights. In one of the inclusions, De Gouges declares that women should be exposed to the same laws when they commit a crime. This implies that no matter the crime the form of punishment should be severe once she has been proven guilty. Nevertheless, in the current society, the women are considered to be the weaker specie. This, therefore, translates to conviction once proven guilty of a crime. With this inclusion, there will be no leniency when a sentence is being given. The guilty will have to meet the full force of the law with the severe punishment that corresponds to that crime.
Women have been denied the freedom to speak their hearts and thought out. Freedom to communicating one's thoughts as well as opinions is one of the most important rights that a woman should be given. For instance, most women are usually forced to denounce the fact that they have had a child with a particular figure. This might result from the fact that these women might have been threatened not to say so. In this case, liberty will ensure that the fathers recognize their children. In other words, the mother of a child can confront the father the child without being confronted to hide the truth. Therefore, in cases determined by law, a woman should be able to respond to that particular abuse.
In the public scene, women have been seen as inferior beings hence are denied the opportunity to take specific roles or rather major roles in key positions. However, with this addition to the laws, De Gouges states that men and women are equal. Hence, all the responsibilities should be shared equally. These responsibilities also include the painful tasks that are usually known to be for the male population. This notwithstanding, the men and women should have equal employment opportunities as well as equal chances to top positions. However, there are some jobs that are so technical to women. Therefore, these women should be ready to be tough because it is usually those technical tasks that they end up succumbing to injuries.
According to De Gouges, women should be included in drafting the constitution. Since they are considered to be the majority members of any nation, she advocates for them to be included in the drafting of the constitution. In this instance, they will be in a position to determine the laws that will govern the society equally. However, implementing this aspect is difficult because the male community would not wish to have women contribute to the drafting since that will imply that the inferior members of the society are joining their law making dockets. Therefore, realistically, the world is not ready for such a thing to happen. Even though the constitution assures the rights of the people and the separation of powers, women will not be able to influence the drafting the constitution because there are very few women in top managements.
Effects of the French revolution on the lives of women
Women participated in every aspect of this revolution. However, the participation proved controversial. Women’s financial independence, as well as rights to own property, received many restrictions under the law. However, enlightenment thinkers and the likes of Rousseau claimed that the women belonged in the sphere of home. Therefore, the women had no role in public affairs. Majority of the women during this period worked as shopkeepers, peasant farmers, and the laundresses. Additionally, they were known for their sexual role and not their occupations. However, feminism emerged due to the demand for both political reforms and the social reforms. The women demanded for equal rights with the men as they went ahead to demand for an end to male domination. The chief tool used for the agitation included women’s club and pamphlets. However, when the revolution began, women struck with force because the volatile political climate provided a conducive environment for it.
Female agitation is yet another effect that resulted from the French revolution. The march towards Versailles is one of the best examples of the feminist military involvement during this revolution.
Women during the early years of the Industrial Revolution
During the industrial revolution, the establishment of factories opened doors for the women to work. The women were given the opportunities to work outside their homes. It is noted that between 1780 and 1840 the labor force was dominated by the women. Despite the fact that most of the women lacked the technical skills to work, they were able to work very quickly and also productively. However, despite their effort, they were paid very little when compared to their male counterparts. Despite the small payment, the number of women did not reduce. Women adapted to the harsh working environment because they had been subjected to the conditions while working at home. Therefore, the change was negligible.
Impact of the industrial revolution on the working class women
The industrial working class women served economic purposes by raising the income to support their families. The mothers had to struggle so as to make the ends meet as well as keeping the family out of the poor houses. Since this women were mistreated in the factories, it was the duty of the government to investigate. The governments during this time were tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the safety of citizens.
Effects of the industrial revolution on the emerging middle class
The middle-class working women emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century. The middle class emerged in the industrial cities during this time. The middle-class women were being paid salaries on a monthly basis. One characteristic feature about this category of workers is the fact that their work was separate from home.
