Module 1
Q 1.
The pioneering works of Ellis and Kinsey played a significant role in transforming the beliefs and practices relating to sex in the contemporary society.
Ellis and Kinsey’s groundbreaking studies inspired other sexologists such as William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
Kinsey developed a comprehensive interviewing and coding system that ensured confidentiality, and accuracy. These parameters still govern the current studies sex research studies.
Ellis and Kinsey’s studies opened the topic of sexuality for debate and academic study
Q 5. Concerns to keep in mind when doing experimental sexual research as discussed in “Chapter 3-Sex Research” include the following;
Extraneous factors such as race, culture, gender and age of the respondents.
Ethical concerns: The sex research should conform to the policies established by the government and other relevant bodies.
Statistical concepts of representing data.
Bias in experimental design
Module 2
Q 1. The orgasmic phase bears similarity in both males and females because they are accompanied by sensations of pleasure and involve rhythmic contractions at 0.8-second intervals (Kok 14).
Q 3. Detection Methods and symptoms of:
Cervical cancer
Detection Method for cervical cancer include
Visual inspection using acetic acid
PAP smear
Human Papilloma Virus DNA testing.
Symptoms associated with cervical cancer include
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Pelvic pain
Increased frequency of vaginal discharge
Pain during sex
Longer menstrual periods than usual (Shetty, Mahesh, and Adhemar 166)
Endometrial cancer
Transvaginal ultrasound evaluation is the primary screening method for endometrial cancer. It seeks to determine the thickness of the endometrium. Also, Dilation and curettage (D & C) to remove the endometrial tissue for biopsy (Zanotti).
Symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic or back pain, longer menstrual periods than usual, abnormal menopausal or post-menopausal vaginal bleeding (Shetty, Mahesh, and Adhemar 166).
Ovarian cancer
Symptoms include
Pelvic/abdominal pain,
Difficulty eating,
Bloating, and increased abdominal size.
Tests include Carbohydrate Antigen-125 testing (CA-125), Endovaginal sonography/ultrasound.
Breast cancer
Detection methods include a clinical based examination of the breast, mammography, sonography, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (Shetty, Mahesh, and Adhemar 167).
The symptoms include a breast lump, itchy breast, general pain in part of the breast, cysts felt inside the breast, and change in the appearance of the nipples.
Module 3
Q 2. According to Kumar, male climacteric symptoms include:
Nervousness
Impaired memory
Insomnia
Hot flashes
Periodic sweating
Loss of sexual vigor
Psychic depression
Loss of concentration
Physical changes include
Decreased penile size
Prostatic hypertrophy
Loss of muscle mass and energy
Gynecomastia,
Erectile dysfunction
Premature ejaculation
Osteoporosis
Baldness
Loss of libido
Q 3. According to Elist, the components of semen include the following;
Testicular secretions: Constitutes approximately 2-5 % of semen. It contains spermatozoa that fertilize the ovum
Seminal fluid: It constitutes 65-78% of semen. Contains fructose, which provides energy for the spermatozoa. The seminal fluid also has prostaglandins, which suppress the female immune system against the semen.
Prostatic fluid: Constitutes 25-30% of the semen. It contains proteolytic enzymes, which liquefy the semen thus facilitating the movement of sperms. Prostatic fluid also contains zinc, which is essential for stabilizing chromatin DNA in the sperms.
Bulbourethral secretions: Constitute less than 1% of semen content. They provide mucous which is required for the mobility of the sperms in the vagina and cervix. The mucous also neutralizes the traces of acidic urine in the urethra
Module 4
Q 1. According to Cheitlin et al. (173-174), effects and side effects of amyl nitrate and Viagra on aphrodisiacs include;
Indigestion
Change or loss of vision
Cardiac arrhythmia
Ringing in ears
Dizziness
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Headache
Nasal congestion
Continued use of amyl nitrate can cause permanent damage to the brain, heart, kidneys and liver. Also, amyl nitrate can result in emotional instability, hallucinations and chronic memory loss.
Q 3. Master's and Johnson's model outlines the stages of sexual arousal as excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Their model is instrumental in exploring and asserting the role of the clitoris in sexual response in women. The study's focus on people who are experienced with orgasm during intercourse and masturbation, reinforcing the belief that orgasm and intercourse are vital to women's sexual response and pleasure (Kok 14). However, the major shortcoming of the model is that it missed the fact that some women also experience pleasure but do not orgasm with penetration. Also, the model relied on the female sexual response which differs from the male sexual response cycle. Kaplan’s three-phase model of sexual cycle comprises of desire, arousal and orgasm. It has a cutting edge over Masters and Johnson’s model in the sense that it emphasizes a psychological factor that is not addressed in Masters and Johnson’s sexual response model (Kok 15).
Works Cited
“Chapter 3-Sex Research” http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0070764107/694413/03_HS_Chap03.pdf
Cheitlin, Melvin D., et al. "Use of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with cardiovascular disease." Circulation 99.1 (1999): 168-177.
Elist, James. "Composition of Human Semen". Dr. Elist Reviews Men's Wellness, 2015, http://www.drelist.com/composition-of-human-semen/.
Kok, E. L. "Differences between male and female sexual functioning: a review article." South African Family Practice 46.4 (2004): 12-15.
Kumar, Sharath. "Male Climacteric, Not So Unusual". Deccan Herald, 2013, http://www.deccanherald.com/content/319450/male-climacteric-not-so-unusual.html
Shetty, Mahesh K., and Adhemar Longatto-Filho. "Early Detection of Breast, Cervical, Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers in Low-Resource Countries: An Integrated Approach." Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 2.3 (2011): 165–171. PMC. Web. 3 Feb. 2017.
Zanotti, Kristine. "Endometrial, Ovarian, and Cervical Cancer". Clevelandclinicmeded.Com, 2010, http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/womens-health/gynecologic-malignancies/.
