Identification of key search words and bibliography
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Abstract
Identification of key search words is an important step in any research or study. This process can be done by selecting a draft title, and further exploring the words or phrases in that draft title in the form of synonyms or related terms. This search word can then further be explored in different online databases. After searching the key words in the databases, a researcher is able to find bibliographies that can be used in the paper. That bibliographic information helps in further exploring the information. In this study, key search words for the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in women were studied. Work on those key words, help in finding that further study on the telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for women can be of significant effectiveness. In this paper, several aspects of the study of telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of depression have been discussed.
Identification of key search words and bibliography
Literature search is one of the most important steps in performing any research or study. It is a thorough and systematic search consisting of all types of literature published by authentic journals, websites, and books. Literature search is helpful not only in finding the required information about a topic but it can also help in finding future directions and information for further research. In fact, the success of a research project depends on thorough and complete review of the literature, and presenting bibliographic information in an authentic and required manner. Searching the literature in a right manner can help in saving hours of time and improving the quality of research by going in the right direction without much hard work.
Bibliography refers to the list of writings or studies presented along with time and place of publication such as the writings of an individual author or the works referred to in preparing a document or paper. Usually, bibliography is presented at the end of a paper. In order to reach the right bibliographic information, in-text citation including the name of author and date or the number for bibliographic source is used within the paper. Therefore, with the help of in-text citation, a reader can easily find further sources of information for a particular word or research.
Introduction
Identification of key search words helps in further moving in the right direction. In order to perform literature search and find key search words, a researcher starts with the background reading and start writing and preparing important terms and phrases. This kind of background reading and preparation can be done with the help of textbooks, books in libraries, encyclopedias. Moreover, internet sources can also help in background search. This could help in grasping the context of the topic and the related terminology. This can also help in getting a starting point for the research. Moreover, a researcher can find whether the research term or phrase is a currently discussed topic by other researchers in different parts of the world. Overall, background search can help in finding key search words and related bibliographic sources (Liverpool Hope University, n.d.).
For a good search, different key terminologies and strategies related to the topic are studied. Those terminologies and strategies may include the names of important authors related to the topic, different theories or concepts related to the topic of research, important research reports and projects, and major movements or genres in the relevant research. One of the most important steps in reaching appropriate key words include the development of a draft title of the research as, for example, a title can be made as the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression in women. In this draft title, some key words are “cognitive behavioral therapy”, “depression”, and “women”. This title is providing some important information such as about therapeutic strategy; about the disease or problem, and about the specific population of research. After working on a draft title, further work can be done by finding related terms or synonyms of the words as, for example, anxiety can be a search word along with depression. Therefore, further research can be done by including the search word “anxiety” in the literature search. Moreover, key search words can also be expanded for the inclusion of more information as, for example, search can be done by finding a particular area or time for the population or other important things in the draft title such as “women in the U.S.” or “women in their early 30s”. Most of the search engines are not helpful in finding relevant search terms, so working on draft title for key search words can be an effective strategy (Liverpool Hope University, n.d.).
Identification of key search words requires the study of the topic from many different sources as a single source of information is not able to provide all the important or required information. Therefore, various online resources have to be explored for improving or optimizing the search. In this regard, different databases are available for searching the information. These databases may include Google scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, PsycArticles, and Science Direct (Liverpool Hope University, n.d.).
For the present study, we have worked on the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in women having depression and anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of therapeutic strategy that was actually developed to treat depression and other related disorders. After searching for cognitive behavioral therapy, it was found that some key search words or phrases related to cognitive behavioral therapy were “cognitive behavioral therapy over the telephone”, “cognitive behavioral therapy in-person”, and “usual care”. Related to population, key search words were “women”, “woman”, “female”, and “females”.
Literature Review
Depression is a mental state in which the patient may start feeling sad and unsuccessful. Moreover, there is a persistent level of low mood that is most often accompanied by decreased level of self-esteem and decreased interest and/or pleasure in normally pleasing activities. This condition often comes along with anxiety, and can disturb not only the patient but also the whole family and can also impair work and school life of the patient. The problem of depression vary widely in different people as, for example, some patients of depression may have single episode of depression that may last for several weeks and others may experience depression that can be lifelong (June, Black, & Richardson, 2007).
Several therapeutic strategies have been developed for the treatment of depression. Usually, people are treated with antidepressant medication, and sometimes those medications are combined along with counseling techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy (Driessen & Hollon, 2010). Some patients are also treated with electroconvulsive therapy. In some cases of depression, hospitalization may also be required as, for example, in conditions of self-neglect or a significant harm to others. Sometimes, it also becomes difficult to reach an expert in cognitive behavioral therapy. Therefore, further research is still required to find the optimum therapeutic strategy for this disorder.
Depression is most common in women as compared to men, and genetic factors are among the most important reasons found after searching the internet (Kendler, Gatz, Gardner, & Pedersen, 2006). Moreover, women have many vulnerability factors such as lots of responsibilities for many members of the family, unemployment, absence of confiding relationship, and early maternal loss. Sometimes, pregnancy can also cause depressive symptoms (Brown & Harris, 2012). In these situations, women have a helpful option of therapeutic strategies that would treat them without using any medicines that can cause adverse effects. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapy can be a good strategy to treat the problems of depression in women.
Further searching the words “depression”, “cognitive behavioral therapy” and “women”, it was found that model of the delivery of treatment is crucial for women and other patients of depression as they may face many barriers in receiving adequate health services. Patients of depression may face the issue of stigma associated with depression. They may also feel difficulty in coordinating their problem with the healthcare experts and those experts often find it difficult to work on psychological problems of many patients. Sometimes, patients or healthcare experts have limited transportation as, for example, there is an issue of cost, distance or driving. Sometimes, cognitive, social, behavioral, and financial problems result in an inability to go for scheduled meetings (Fann et al., 2015). Telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy is found to be an important and helpful alternative in those cases. Telephone-based therapy can be an effective strategy helping in overcoming those barriers (Mohr, Vella, Hart, Heckman, & Simon, 2008). Research shows that the addition of short telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce depression in primary care patients, who were administered antidepressants for the treatment of depression (Simon et al., 2011). Moreover, many people like to take psychotherapy rather than medicinal therapy, and most of them find telephonic conversation more attractive than usual meetings (Fann et al., 2009).
Hypothesis
Studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy is of significant help for people of depression, and due to the presence of symptoms of depression in women and due to their disability to avail therapeutic sessions in some cases, telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy can be an efficient therapeutic strategy for women.
After doing the research on key search words and doing the literature search, it can be hypothesized that telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy can be of great help to women, who face depression and its related symptoms.
Methodology
Participants of the study will be selected from a healthcare center and along with the referrals from clinicians. In order to work on the efficacy of telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy on women, potentially eligible participants with depression will be screened with the help of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scale. Those participants having equal to or more than eight score will be asked to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria for the study will be: having no stable access to telephone, history of diagnosis of some other psychiatric problems such as bipolar disorder, mania, or psychosis, and drug or alcohol dependence. An informed consent will also be provided to the participants to participate in the telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy. Participants of the study will be randomized to get telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy and to get usual cognitive behavioral therapy. Randomization of the participants is one of the most accepted research design. In this study design, chances of biases are reduced, thereby increasing the validity of results. It is also a safe method for testing. It has high success rates and can be used to treat the patients, even before the public availability of the therapeutic strategy. Primary outcomes of the study will be assessed after 16 weeks of randomization. In the study, there will be an interim assessment at 8 weeks time and follow-up assessment at 24 weeks.
Depression outcome measures will be done with clinician-rated 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). Moreover, the patient-reported Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20) will be used for the measurement of depression. After checking the scales statistical analysis will be done to check for the level of significance of the study.
References
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (2012). Social Origins of Depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women: Taylor & Francis.
Driessen, E., & Hollon, S. D. (2010). Cognitive behavioral therapy for mood disorders: efficacy, moderators and mediators. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 33(3), 537-555. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.005
Fann, J. R., Jones, A. L., Dikmen, S. S., Temkin, N. R., Esselman, P. C., & Bombardier, C. H. (2009). Depression treatment preferences after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 24(4), 272-278. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181a66342
Fann, J. R., Bombardier, C. H., Vannoy, S., Dyer, J., Ludman, E., Dikmen, S., . . . Temkin, N. (2015). Telephone and in-person cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurotrauma, 32(1), 45-57. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3423
June, L. N., Black, S. D., & Richardson, W. (2007). Counseling for Seemingly Impossible Problems: A Biblical Perspective: Zondervan.
Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006). A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry, 163(1), 109-114. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.109
Liverpool Hope University. (n.d.). Doing a literature search: a step by step guide. Retrieved April 09, 2016
Mohr, D. C., Vella, L., Hart, S., Heckman, T., & Simon, G. (2008). The Effect of Telephone-Administered Psychotherapy on Symptoms of Depression and Attrition: A Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol (New York), 15(3), 243-253. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00134.x
Simon, G. E., Ralston, J. D., Savarino, J., Pabiniak, C., Wentzel, C., & Operskalski, B. H. (2011). Randomized trial of depression follow-up care by online messaging. J Gen Intern Med, 26(7), 698-704. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1679-8
