Introduction
Education is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one to another. This transfer is through teaching, training, or research, using various texts, image, animation, and sound. Therefore, in this modern age of quality maintenance and development of training and teaching, it is good employ these elements of texts, image, animation, and sound through effective instructional design and model. In this age of computerization and globalization, all the educational institutions are utilizing modern tools to impart effective and efficient knowledge. However, the major challenge in front of us is how this modern educational tool is applied by students and faculty. It is believed that most of them are not computer savvy. The modern objectives of learning and teaching should be using modern tools, methods, principles, and procedures.
Presentation of Topic
The idea behind selecting this topic is to bring awareness of the modern tools and method of instructional design. Instructional design is a process where content is developed by mixing text, audio, images, animation, and graphics. Some of the steps needed to be followed for efficient learning outcomes are research of content based on learner’s background and objectives, development of design document, use of storyboard with the detailed instructions for animation and graphic designers, review of content, collaboration between graphic designers and content developers, quality review of content, and finally, application of content for the use of training in many ways.
On the other hand, if technology tools not used effectively, learning curve of student’s performance will be hugely impacted in improving instruction in the classroom. Therefore, it should be noted that any tool without its proper knowledge is of no use.
The rationale behind presenting the use of this concept is to reduce class interruption, and to improve instructions in the classroom by creating an interactive atmosphere by playing instructional designed text, images, videos, audio, feedback, and assessment system. It is important to learn some of the procedural analysis of designing effective instruction materials.
With the feedback and assessment, each student will know what more needs to be done to master the concept or the skills. It also gives teacher a clear picture to vary and differentiate their instruction to meet students individual learning needs. This will result in more students mastering goals and gaining success.
Summarization of the Presentation
Instructional theories are derived from learning theories. It is usually a set of principles that are meant to explain learning processes and outcomes. Instructional theories are prescriptive in nature. There are many philosophers who are involved in devising and defining various characteristics of instructional theory. So, it makes good sense to learn some of prominent theories applied in designing and developing different instructional models.
Benjamin Bloom’s Instructional Theory of Mastery Learning
Benjamin Bloom has been the most great and influential contributor in the field of instructional design. According to his model of mastery learning, the goal is to develop instruction where the majority of the student learns very well. It is about the 80/80 criterion where at least 80% of the learners achieve at least 80% of the objective.
However the mastery learning models generally incorporate instructional design practices and are not always true. Not all time instructional programs with instructional design, principles, and procedures are predicated on the models. According to Smith and Ragan, the instructional system may use design principles and procedures due to infeasibility or alternate philosophies, choose not to employ a mastery level.
Robert Gagne and Leslie Briggs: Instructional Theory of Conditions of Learning
Gagne designed human learning into five categories. They are verbal information, attitudes, intellectual skills, motor skills, and cognitive skills. The reason why this classification was done is to involve different classes of performance.
The key element of Robert Gagne and Leslie Briggs theory is that these categories are important for instructional theory mainly because each is hypothesized to different types of instructional strategies. This theory prescribes specific internal conditions and external conditions in instructional strategies in order for person to learn the outcome.
Dave Merrill Instructional theory: Component Display Theory
Another popular yet somewhat different theory is the component display theory developed by M. David Merrill in 1970. This theory deals with the cognitive domain and not the psychomotor or attitude domain. It only deals with micro level. This theory can become quite complex and sometimes confusing to people.
Instructional Models
- Instructional Design Model: This focuses on helping people select the most appropriate strategies to use, given the desired learning outcomes of the instruction.
- Instructional Development Model: This focuses on helping a person in selecting a systematic process for developing materials.
- Instructional Media Utilization Model: This focuses on helping a person in utilizing or applying in effective learning outcome from the developed materials.
My Personal Ideas
My personal idea is that as far as human beings are concerned, there are many theories and model described in this world by different academicians and philosophers. The principle or the concept of these theories is nothing but how better people learn and achieve their objectives. The ideas presented in all or most of the theories are the same but presented differently. The nature of the theories is how the methods of instruction are delivered for the better outcome.
As all people are different and have different mindset it is hard for all of them to follow or subscribe to only one psychological perspective on learning. If a person has the knowledge they can use different perspective of learning depending on the instructional situation. So, I am of the opinion that there are some threads that flows from all the principles propounded by the philosophers across the world. The core values of all these values are constant. However, there are some peripheral deviations that deal with the optional elements of learning and teaching. In this backdrop, it is important to view the relevance of learning and teaching holistically.
Conclusion
Based on the aforesaid description, interpretation, explanation of instructional models, I believe that it is important for modern classroom teaching. This will bring more confidence among the instructors and the learners. However, it is important to ensure that the instructional objectives should be clear and concise so that the instructors know whether they struck the right cord or not. Finally, I am of the firm conviction that modern tools and technology will create new standards and benchmark for enhancing the quality and delivery by using the effective and efficient means of modern instructional models.
References
Caporali, Enrica and Trajkovik, Vladimir (2012). Video Conference as a tool for Higher Education. The TEMPUS ViCES experience. Italy: Firenze University Press.
Morrison, et al (2010).Designing Effective Instruction. United States of America: Malloy Lithould graphics. Press.
Guskey, Thomas (2009). Mastery Learning - Education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/mastery-learning/
Postlethwaite, K., & Haggarty, L. (1998). Towards effective and transferable learning in secondary school: The development of an approach based on mastery learning. British Educational Research Journal, 24(3), 333–353.
