Answer 1
Organizational learning refers to the continuous process that an organisation goes through as it enhances its ability to accept, respond and adapt to the dynamics of both the internal and external environment. A manager can establish and maintain a positive working environment by initiation several stages that will facilitate organisation learning. The first step is to build trust amongst the employees in order to facilitate honesty in the organisation. The manager should ensure there is open and positive communication, which will determine the value of an employee in an organisation. The manager should also nurture team spirit by engaging the employees in extracurricular activities that will enhance bonding between the vertical and horizontal relationship of the employees. A manager should set clear and achievable targets and reward excellence as a key way of creating a positive environment for employees to work efficiently.
Answer 2
Entrepreneurialism refers to the spirit of an individual that is innovative, creative and enterprising attitude. The middle management in healthcare management is considered the fertile ground for entrepreneurship since they make very valuable contributions. They facilitate the achievement of radical changes that are evident in healthcare management. They envision change and implement it successfully because they are close to the daily operations of the organisations. The potential downside of Middle management level entrepreneurialism in HCOs is the dismissal of ideas by the senior management which destroys the entrepreneurial energy and vigour. Entrepreneurial middle managers pose risks of failing to realize radical changes, disorganizing operations of the organisation and formation of resistance alliance against senior management. Examples include incidences of rogue middle managers in decision making concerning risky ventures and failing to obey orders from senior management.
References
ABELL, S. V. (2009). Ten Ways to Create a Positive Work Environment. Retrieved from Inside Jobs Coaching Company: http://www.insidejobscoach.com/print_files/ten_ways.htm
Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making . Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 12, Issue 1, 9-30.
Castaneda, D. I., & Rios, M. F. (2007). From Individual Learning to Organizational Learning. Retrieved from The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, Volume 5 Issue 4,pp. 363 - 372,: www.ejkm.com/issue/download.html?idArticle=120
Embertson, M. (2006). The Importance of Middle Managers in Healthcare Organizations. Journal of Healthcare Management, 223-232.
Harbour, S. (2013). How to Establish & Maintain Good Relationships in the Workplace. Retrieved from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/establish-maintain-good-relationships-workplace-22396.html
Huy, Q. N. (2001, September). In Praise of Middle Managers. Harvard Business Review.
