In the United States almost 90% of adults use caffeine daily(Hart 250). Although consumption of caffeine at minimal levels is not harmful those who drink such amounts will have negative health consequences, which cardiovascular problems and perinatal complications. Drinking more than 200 mg a day is considered risky (Hart 255). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) by the American Psychiatric Association, updated the 2013 (DSM-5) and included Caffeine Use Disorder (Hart 260). The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for nine symptoms, and the first three or more characterizes Caffeine Use Disorder are needed to meet criteria for a diagnosis of Caffeine Use Disorder. Symptoms include intense craving for caffeine; inability despite efforts to cut down caffeine use; and tolerance to consume more to reach effect desired(Hart 260).. Continued caffeine use can cause social problems as a result of increased irritation and impulsiveness.
A study found that 30% of 162 current caffeine users fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnosis of Substance Dependence as applied to caffeine by indicating that three or more of the diagnostic criteria were met during the past year. (Meredith et al.) Meredith et al.. also reported the percentage of participants who also met the clinically relevant symptoms of caffeine dependence such as want not to drink as much, withdrawal and increasing tolerance(Meredith et al..). Individuals with an individual or generation history of-of substance abuse were likely to have a caffeine dependence. Those who were diagnosed with various mental disorders had a rate of 17% of caffeine dependent(Meredith et al..).Those who had a history or currently a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder had a rate of 16%(Meredith et al.. These studies include caffeine users who self-identified as physically or psychologically dependent on caffeine, but were not diagnosed with caffeine disorder; 59% met the criteria. .Considering the adverse health outcomes and high rates of use, more research should be done using this criterion to identify and treat those in need(Meredith et al.).
Cocaine processing are typically done in two ways; the first extract cocaine from coca leaves and the second uses metal thrum and gasoline to extract cocaine from coca leaves. he processes the process creates cocaine sulfate (Hart 16-21). The latter is the most frequent of the two, and results n about 50% cocaine(Hart 20) To transport the cocaine while in gummy form is is dried into bricks. The plants needed are commonly found in the Northern and Western areas of South America. Coca leaves are plucked, anhydrous and then processed in clandestine laboratories. An underground lab is a secret workplace used to make illegal substances (Hart 16- 20). Powder cocaine (crystal cocaine,) or hydrochloride, which is typically snorted. This can also be dissolved in a drink or injected(Hart 16-21).. Drugs are mixed with another chemical into over to get higher profits as it produces more in bulk. Hydrochloride can also be processed even more to produce crack cocaine. Crack cocaine is the solid form which is then heated and smoked in a freebase form.It is cooked cocaine(Hart 20).
Cocaine is the type of stimulant and enhances transmission at the catecholaminergic (including dopaminergic) synapses evoking elation and increased alertness, with increased motor activity (Hart 16-21).. Negative symptoms include tremor, psychosis violence, and a form of paranoia. It also impacts the heart, and sudden death is common when interacting with alcohol(Hart 16-21)..
There are factors and circumstances that influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC) even. First, is the speed to which who consume, as the faster, you consume it the more quickly one is intoxicated (Hart 190). The liver is responsible for the metabolizing alcohol at a rate of about one beer per hour (190).When more alcohol is consumed, the liver is incapable of processing leading to an increase in the blood stream, thus intoxication(190-191).
Body Weight is another factor, the greater the size, the more blood there in the body thus more alcohol is added to reach intoxication. Having food in the stomach allows about 20% to be absorbed in the stomach and then the remainder enters bloodstream so this slows down the intoxication rate(Hart 196). Lastly, medications can increase impact on intoxication on your quantity. Such medications like spirin, tranquilizers, anti-depressants, and cough elixir to name only a few can be pose health risks when mixed with alcohol(Hart 196-198).
Works Cited
Hart, C. Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. 2014. Print.
Meredith, S. E., et al. "Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda." J Caffeine Res 3.3 (2013): 114-30. Print.
