ABSTRACT
This study compares the use of the use of Kinesio Taping® (KT) versus use of Sham Taping over the erector spine muscles on performance of the Biering Sorensen Test in normal, healthy young adults. Fatigue of muscle of the trunk extensor plays a very important role in chronic Low Back Pain (LBP). Physiology behind this fatigue is complex and has not been fully understood. Use of Kinesio Taping supports mobility of damaged structures and at the same time influences the mechanism at which muscle erector muscles perform in relation to fatigue. Sham Taping test consists of measuring total amount of time that an individual can hold unsupported upper body that is in a horizontal position with which the lower part of the body is fixed to the examining table. This is a test has been considered and used in many studies. In this study Kinesio Taping® which is the Real Tape group, Sham Tape (S) – Placebo and a Control group where there is no intervention whatsoever are used to compare performance of Biering Sorensen Test in normal, healthy young adults
Data Analysis
The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 21.0). Group-by-time repeated measure ANOVA was used. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all groups at the 3 time intervals: baseline (before tape), immediately after tape, and 72 hours after tape. Main effect analysis was applied in the cases of significant difference among the three time points.
RESULTS
Thirty individuals have participated in this study. The mean height of the participants was 168.46 cm (+/-11.46 cm). The mean weight of the participants was 69.33 kg (+/-13.96 kg). The average waist circumference was 91.35 cm (+/- 21.42 cm). The mean value for the body mass index was 24.47 kg/m2(+/- 3.36977kg/m2).
Ten individuals were in the Kinesio Tape® group, 10 in the sham tape group, and 10 in the control group (no intervention). In order to examine the differences between the use of Kinesio Tape® versus sham tape over the erector spine muscles on the performance of the Biering Sorensen Test from baseline, immediately after the tape application, and 72 hours after the tape application, a repeated measure ANOVA was used.
The mean value of endurance at baseline duration was 88.93 seconds while the mean value of endurance duration immediately after the tape application was 90.20 seconds. Table1 presents the mean endurance values for each treatment group by time (sec) along with the values of the 95% confidence intervals. Mean baseline endurance in the Kinesio Tape® group, sham tape group and control group was found to be; 82.8 seconds (+/-37.03 seconds), 99.5 seconds (+/-31.43 seconds) and 84.5 seconds (+/-32.30 seconds) respectively. It can be clearly seen that sham tape group had the highest mean baseline endurance.
Mean endurance duration immediately after the tape application in the Kinesio Tape® group, sham tape group and control group was found to be; 91.20 seconds (+/-37.16 seconds), 97.80 seconds (+/- 29.36 seconds) and 81.60 seconds (+/- 14.89 seconds) respectively. This implies that sham tape group had the highest mean endurance duration over Kinesio Tape® group and control group.
Mean endurance duration 72 hours after the tape application in the Kinesio Tape® group, sham tape group and control group was found to be 106.80 seconds (+/-40.07 seconds), 109.80 (+/-35.87 seconds) and 98 seconds (+/-25.51 seconds) respectively. Mean duration after 72 hours after application in Kinesio Tape® group and sham tape group showed that Sham Tape group had the highest mean duration.
Repeated measures ANOVA (see Table 2) indicated that tape type (Kinesio Tape®, sham, or control) was significant in predicting or improving endurance time with p value of 0.028 (p<0.05), and the interaction of tape type on time points group (before, immediately after, or 72 hours after).
The endurance durations were statistically significant with a p value of 0.001 (p<.05) across the three time points. The pair wise comparisons (mean differences) were calculated between each pair of the time value (see Table 3). According to the results, the endurance time value of post-test 2 (short-term effect) was significantly different from the baseline duration and post-test 1 (immediate effect). The mean difference between baseline and post-test 1 (immediate effect) was 1.267 seconds which was insignificant with a p value of 1.000 (p>0.05). The mean difference between baseline and post-test 2 (short-term effect) was 15.933 seconds which is significant since the p value is 0.004 (p<0.05). The mean difference between post-test 1 and post-test 2 was 14.667 seconds is significant, since the p value 0.004 (p<0.05).
The post-hoc Tukey’s test indicated that there is no notable significant difference in the mean values of duration between various groups (Kinesio Tape®, sham tape, or control) among all three. According the Tukey’s test, the mean difference between Kinesio Tape® and sham tape was 8.7667 (p=0.781). The mean difference between Kinesio Tape® and the control group was 5.5667 (p=0.905). The mean difference between the sham tape and the control group was 14.3333 (p=0.522). The LSD post-hoc test supported Tukey’s test results. The interaction plots of estimated marginal means (see Graph 1) of the condition show the effect on duration on the performance of the Bieng Serensen test after the tape application. From the graph it can be seen that Kinesio Tape® group has the highest mean duration followed by sham tape group and lastly control group.
Graph 1
Descriptive Statistics Report
Thirty individuals took part in this research study. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS and the following results yielded. The mean height of the participants was 168.46 cm (+/-11.46 cm). The mean weight of the participants was 69.33 kg (+/-13.96 kg). The average waist circumference was 91.35 cm (+/- 21.42 cm). The mean baseline was 88.93 (+/- 33.38). The mean for post.one was 90.200 (+/- 28.47). The mean for post.two was 104.87 (+/- 33.55) The mean value for the body mass index was 24.47 kg/m2 (+/- 3.36977 kg/m2).
Pearson Moment Correlation Result
The Pearson moment correlation between height and weight is 0.705 which indicates that there is a strong positive correlation between height and weight. Therefore, as height increases the value of weight will also increase meaning that changes in weight are strongly correlated with changes in height. Also, there is fairly positive correlation between height, Post One and body mass index. The correlation between height and post one is 0.076 while that between height and body mass index is 0.045. Statistical significance is only evident between height and weight as the Sig (2-Tailed) value is less than 0.05 which means that decrease or increase in height significantly relates to decrease or increase in weight(Miller). Other variables have a Sig (2-Tailed) value that is more than 0.05 indicating that decreases or increases in height is not significantly related to decrease or increase of values of these variables.
On the other hand, the result indicated that the correlation between height, Waist C, baseline and post two is negative. The correlation between height and waist C is negative as indicated by -0.278 value. Height and baseline are negatively correlated as it be seen from the table. This is indicated by -0.129 value. Also, height and post two are negatively correlated with a value of -0.082. This indicates that as height of an individual increases, baseline, post two, and waist c will be decreasing in value
Independent T-test Results
The results got after performing an independent T-test indicate that the Sig (2-Tailed) value for all the tested variables under equal variances assumed was 0.648 implying that under assuming equal variance, the p value was 0.0825. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no statistical significant difference between endurance duration between males and females in the (Baseline, post-test one, post-test two) and the selected anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index). The differences existing between the condition means is not significant, and could probably due to chances and not likely as a result of manipulation of variables (Castro-Sánchez et al. 89-95).
References
Álvarez-Álvarez, S. et al. "Effects of Kinesio Tape in Low Back Muscle Fatigue: Randomized, Controlled, Doubled-Blinded Clinical Trial On Healthy Subjects". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2014): n. pag. Web. 5 May 2016.
Bruni, Adriano Leal. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Editorial Atlas S.A., 2000. Print.
Castro-Sánchez, Adelaida María et al. "Kinesio Taping Reduces Disability and Pain Slightly in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial". Journal of Physiotherapy 58.2 (2012): 89-95. Web.
Miller, Robert L. SPSS for Social Scientists. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002. Print.
Ummunah, J.O., P.O. Ibikunle, and A.C. Ezeakunne. "Relationship Between Isometric Endurance of Back Extensor Muscles and Selected Anthropocentric Indices Among Some Nigerian Undergraduates.". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2014): n. pag. Web. 5 May 2016.
