1. On an average, 90 percent of the disaster-related deaths and injuries are sustained in nations where per capital income is under $760 per year (Coppola 26).
2. In poor countries, the government focuses its resources on interest that have a greater social demand such as basic infrastructure, education, or military. Rather than spending on mitigation or preparation of disaster management, government prioritizes other social necessities.
3. International involvement is needed when the nation is overwhelmed by the sheer disaster caused by an event. Three types of emergencies require international involvement; these are humanitarian emergencies (India invaded Bangladesh in 1971); natural disasters (Haiti); and technological disasters (Chernobyl).
4. The main difference is that under complex humanitarian emergencies the level of societal
endogeneity of cause-effect is fully endogenous and in natural disaster it is partially endogenous. Also, there is a subordinate different between them through the key concepts of proneness, vulnerability and the unleashing events relating to each other (Albala-Bertrand 187).
5. The four important issues influencing the response process are coordinated, the sovereignty of the state, equality in distribution of relief, and capacity building and link between relief and development (FEMA).
6. The Decade was planned to reduce, through international action, mainly in the developing countries, poverty damage, loss of life, and economic and social disruption that is caused by natural disasters. For supporting the activities, a Secretariat was created at the U.N.O office in Geneva, closely associated with the UNDRO (UNISDR).
7. Currently, UNDP dedicates above 40 percent of its resources towards emergency relief operations. Also, UNDP helps countries to formulate their disaster management policies. UNDP has also spurred women’s participation in community-level initiatives for prevention and recovery. UNDP has also made significant progress in supporting the cluster coordination for early recovery (OECD).
8. UNDP’s recovery unit allows them to deploy their staff with the requisite expertise and experience more efficiently and promptly as crises develop. The recovery unit leads coordination with other partners to ensure that there is a seamless transition between short-termed reliefs to long-termed development (Santamaria).
9. The main groupings performed by UNOCHA for disaster response is international humanitarian response coordination; the provision of policy development and support to the humanitarian community; and advocating the humanitarian issues for ensuring that the relief direction reflects the needs of peace-building and recovery (FEMA).
10. UNOCHA’s Disaster Response System, monitors the onset of technological and natural disasters on a regular basis. The system trains the assessment teams prior to disasters strike and evaluations are conducted post-disaster. Identification of a disaster leads to activation of UNOCHA response and a situation report. The situation report consists of information such as damage caused, needs accessed, actions taken, and current level of assistance.
11. NGOs classification can be done through different factors such as the level of cooperation or orientation. NGOs by cooperation level can be further grouped into the city wide organisation; international NGOs; national NGOs; and community-based organisation. NGOs by orientation can get further grouped into service orientation; charitable orientation; empowering orientation; and participatory orientation.
12. The four common characteristics of NGOs are the level of importance given to independence and neutrality, decentralized organizational structure, commitment to cause, and highly practice oriented (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola 272).
13. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance is responsible for coordinating and leading the American government’s response to overseas disasters. Currently, OFDA is responding to around 65 international disasters annually by making sure aid reaches affected regions (USAID).
14. The Word Bank, in case a disaster occurs, can be called for helping. Even though the World Bank is not responsible for relief agencies, the World Bank does provide financial assistance when called upon. Immediately after agreeing to participate, they start to restore the destroyed and damaged infrastructure and restart the production capabilities (FEMA).
Works Cited
Albala-Bertrand, Jose-Miguel. "Complex Emergencies versus Natural Disasters: An Analytical Comparison of Causes and Effects." Oxford Development Studies 28.2 (2000): 187-204. Print.
Coppola, Damon P. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth Heinemann, 2015. Print.
FEMA. Chapter 9: International Disaster Management. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Fema.gov. n.d. Web. 1 April 2016.
Haddow, George D, Jane A. Bullock, and Damon P. Coppola. Introduction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008. Print.
Jensen., L. Evacuation of UNDP Contribution to Disaster Prevention and Recovery. UNDP. oecd.org. December 2010. Web. 1 April 2016.
Santamaria., C. UNDP to establish crisis response unit. Devex. devex.com. 16 June 2014. Web. 1 April 2016.
UNISDR. History. UNISDR. Unisdr.org. n.d. Web. 1 April 2016
USAID. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. USAID. Usaid.gov. n.d. Web. 1 April 2016.
