Introduction
Transportation and storage necessities create one of the most elevated divisions of demand for energy resources in the United States and transporting crude materials, individuals and energy account the most in paying the tax for the region’s reserves (Norbert, 2009). Physical media and devices consume and store energy in order to execute valuable course of action at a later occasion and the device that typically stores the energy is referred to accumulator at times.
Methods of storing and transporting energy
- Compressed air energy storage - Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is an approach to accumulate energy produced at one time for consumption at an alternate time by means of compressed air (Hassenzahl, 2011). Most often, the energy produced for the duration of the low energy demand or off-peak is usually directed to embrace the higher energy demand or peak load duration at a later time through its utility scale.
- Flywheel energy storage - Flywheel energy storage (FES) typically operates through increasing a rotor or Flywheel to the maximum speed and retaining the energy in the system as a revolving energy with the slightest friction losses probable. Meanwhile, the energy is pulled out from the system by reducing the rotational speed of Flywheel’s and thereby preserves the energy (Erica, 2013). This process assists them to accumulate energy to the system and also leads to acceleration in the speed of the flywheel.
- Gravitational potential energy storage - The heaps or loads are therefore preserved at a higher altitude with highest efficiency until power is needed to be returned to the grid, which then leads the heaps or loads to their lower altitude storage site and produces electricity on their way down (Loisel, 2010). The benefit of this likely system results is the blurred storage of likely energy with no efficiency losses in due course.
Outcomes of each transportation and storage method
- Compressed air energy storage - Like most of the technologies, compressed air also raises security concerns for its catastrophic tank rupture. However, the security codes for compressed air minimize the incidents with extra safety features like pressure relief valves (Ellenbogen, 2006). The high pressure bottles are relatively well-built and they usually do not rupture in vehicle crashes.
- Flywheel energy storage - If flywheel energy storage is assumed to be stopped working, the energy breaks out vigorously and can lead to damage. Therefore the manufacturers minimize the risk by activating the flywheel at quite a few times below its breakdown speed, but this will substantially minimize its energy concentration (Hellström, 2008). Flywheels are put on test to establish their highest spin potential.
- Gravitational potential energy storage - The gravitational retained energy takes place on account of the gravitational forces performing on all objects (Gies, 2013). This likely energy is estimated to only turn out dangerous if the object becomes unproven or set free from an elevated position.
Methods for transporting by land, air, and sea
Transportation or transport reflects engagements of people, animals, raw materials and goods or products from one place to another through various modes of transport such as air, rail, road, water, able, pipeline and space. These varied modes of transportations have been facilitated with innovative transportation infrastructure like roads, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals like airports, railway stations, bus stations warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots and seaports (Auner, 2009). The terminals are exploited for usages of both the interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance or continuation.
- Land - A road is a specialized route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are in general smoothed, cemented, or otherwise constructed to permit easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or continuation.
- Air - The fixed-wing aircrafts also known as airplanes basically remain heavier than air craft and the wings with respect to the progress of the air is utilized to empower a lift. The term is also used to differentiate the rotary-wing aircraft, where movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. But a gyroplane has both the fixed wings and rotary wings (Hassenzahl, 2011). These aircraft further relies on the basic infrastructure to conduct maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers.
- Sea - Water transport is a movement through watercraft like barge, boat, ship or sailboat over water such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river (Halper, 2006). The requirement for enthusiasm is common to watercraft, making the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.
Standards, laws, and guidelines to reduce accidents
OSHA has firm course of action on separating energy sources, and dispersing any stored energy for maintenance procedures. But only employers are subject to OSHA. Industry standards pertain to manufacturers, but are typically voluntary, unless mandated by OSHA. Some industry standards address securing retained energy in machine design, or facilitating methods of safely isolating and dispersing stored energy (Loisel, 2010). But standards covering many machines and products do not address stored energy hazards, which leave it completely up to the manufacturer, and the knowledge of the designers to design safety into their products or machines.
References
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