The paper on the childhood obesity will present the preliminary literature review and an action item checklist with the goals to achieve reduction of the problem that is on the increase. The child obesity has become a vast problem of the developed world and modern way of living which must be controlled in order to have a healthier population. The obesity has been quickly spreading and the prevention of childhood obesity must become a priority in improving the nation’s health.
There are two major effects of child obesity one is the physical health that is more documented and the other are the social consequences that were not in the center of attention when dealing with the issue. Washington (2011) pointed out that the social implication the obesity has are not fully addressed in intervention programs. The child can be exposed to the discrimination and teasing which can have vast consequences on the academic achievement and overall progress. The author points out that the weight bias is as serious as physical consequences. Ignoring the emotional consequences can result in various negative ways, such as clinical depression, negative body image and low self-esteem and can result in an ethical problem. The children are left with the stigma that could be erased with the discussion and further improvement in this field. The cultures of shame do not motivate to lose weight the unfair punishment. The author points on the research from Berg et al, where they found that one-quarter to one-half of the children were exposed to teasing by their peers or family. The research is focused on three areas of exploring: the increasing rates of obesity, perceived discrimination that reflects the societal attitudes and the acceptance of the weight bias and the contribution of media that is encouraging discrimination and weight bias. The concern is expressed that this obese children have a greater chance of weight bias in the workplace. The methodology of the paper focused on already conducted research and point out the first capstone goal to tackle the issue of obesity from the social and emotional sphere not only on the physical.
Puhl (2007) expresses the need to address the health crisis and take the approach with an understanding of the social stigma that the children are confronted with which can result in the physical health and emotional destruction. The work is using a methodology with an examination of the existing literature and review the stigma-reduction efforts made so far. Research design was made to discover the real effect of the actions have so far.
Strum Roland (2004) expresses concern in his research about the increase obesity and also a lack of data about what has changed in the children’s lives that have led to the great increase in numbers of children facing the issue. He found that the free time of the children has greatly changed since it has shirked because the increased time away from home, and other school and pre-school activities. Participation in the organized activities has also increased and the unstructured playtime. The research designed and the method used was done with the reviewing already existing data on how American children spend their time. They used the diaries of children from different years. The capstone project should therefore focus on the more quality spend free time of children.
Blanc, Kim, May and Sherry (2013) examined the considered policy of states and communities and legislation that would reduce the obesity among children. They used the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity database with which they identified the state-level obesity task forces created by the law between 2001 and 2010. They evaluate 21 states enacted legislation’s effectiveness. The practice showed the mixed results regarding the effectiveness of intervention based only in school more comprehensive interventions that address obesity across homes and communities are more effective. The research is important since it shows the activities state undergone in order to reduce the obesity with various techniques also with the targeting the high priority population groups based on the socioeconomic status that has been found more exposed to the problem. The inclusion of all layers from school to home to community must be included in the reduction of obesity. The capstone goal can be achieved by focusing more on the off school activities.
Draxten et al (2015) have shown that the family meals are the most important in better dietary intake. The research focused on the families and the data were collected at baseline, post-intervention and follow up. The intervention included the ten monthly group sessions and five motivational, goal-setting phone calls that were then measured by the body mass index score. The result showed that the obesity prevention intervention should focused on the families since the decrease in excess weight gain was seen. The capstone goals should therefore be focused on schools, communities and families.
Since the children spend almost half of the day in the school also this time should be used to try to reduce obesity. Carithers, Chang and Leekee (2016) found an important association about the states founding of schools and correlation with the nutrition environments. Federal initiatives are providing nutrition programs that would reduce the obesity, but the situation in different geographical location are showing vast differences. The phone interviews were made with the nutrition directors and food managers to receive the information about the findings. It has shown that small schools received fewer funds which create inequality in tackling the obesity since the funds obtained impact the food preparation technology that contributes to the healthier nutrition environment for students. Therefore the funding should become more equal.
Lundeen, Stein and Welsh (2013) have examined the data on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption trend and their impact on the health. They used the meta-analysis and showed that the television advertising, bigger portion sized and last the industry of beverage can play a significant role in reducing the obesity. They used the statistical data that showed the connection between the sweet beverage and health effects. The Capstone goal is to reduce the sweeten beverage in schools and to limit and try to limit the production and consumption of the most unhealthy drinks with promotion. One more research was made in examining the potential of reduction of caloric beverages consumed in school by Elbel, Leardo and Schwartz (2016). They researched the impact of water jets on the standardized body mass index, obesity and overweight in elementary school students. It included the installation of water jets in school in New York. They measured the BMI calculated based on the FITNESSGRAM initiative and they tested the thesis that water jets would show association with the decreased BMI, overweight and obesity and compared the outcomes for treated and non-treated students prior and after the installation of water jets. The study showed to have positive effects on the reduction of the likelihood of overweight. Low cost water availability showed the decreased student weight and this can be used as an objective how to achieve the proposed capstone goal.
Since the problem of obesity starts early in the child’s youth the baily et al (2013) that pointed out that woman, infants and children nutrition have the unique opportunity to help to reduce the problem. They made an online survey with regional focus groups among the health care professionals. The project provided new tools to assist health professionals at counseling parents that were dealing with the obesity of their children. The methods how to counsel and what tools to use along with the best procedures, showed positive effects with cooperation and reducing the obesity with motivational interviewing that was less judgmental with family centered approach. The capstone goal will therefore focus on implementing those tools, techniques in all public and private health providers.
Bellis, Hughes and Russel (2016) examined the contribution of childhood experience measured by the adult well-being and eating preferences and behaviors, violence and happiness independent of current deprivation. It was done with the survey. They found a significantly correlation of adult preferences and eating behaviors with the childhood experience. The daily intake of vegetables and fruit is linked to the non-communicable diseases. They conclude that the preventive interventions with improved childhood experience are likely to reduce the development of poor dietary and other health risk factors. The capstone goal is to empower parents and help them with the development of their children in the early childhood and therefore the empowerment should be made by various state and non-state institutions with sharing the knowledge and promoting the healthier food.
The capstone goals are therefore focused on the early childhood, empowering parents, healthy food in school and access to healthy affordable food and drink.
References
Bailey, A., Herrera, J., Kibbe, D., Locker, D., Marley, SC., Trowbridge, F. (2013). Innovative Tools Help Counselors Discuss Childhood Obesity With Parents. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23496294
Bellis, A. Mark, Hughes, Karen, Russell, J. Simon. (2016). Impact of Childhood Experience and Adult Well-Being on Eating Preferences and Behaviors. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716215/
Blanck, M. Heidi, Kim, A, Sonia, May, L. Ashleigh, Sherry, Bettylou. (2013). Childhood Obesity Task Forces Established by State Legislature, 2001.2010. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760080/
Carithers, t., Chang, Y., Leekee, S. (2016). Geographical Disparity in Funding for School Nutrition Environments: Evidence From Mississippi Schools. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762823
Draxten, M., Horninig, M., Fulkerson, JA, Friend, S., Flattum, C., Neumark_sztainer, D., Garwick, A., Gurvich, O., Story, M, Kubik, MY. (2015). Promoting Health Family Meals to Prevent Obesity: HOME Plus, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667110
Elbel, B., Leardo, M., Schwarts AE. (2016). Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Child Body Mass Index and Obesity. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26784336
Latner, Puhl. (2007). Stigma, Obesity, and the Health of the Nation’s Children. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17592956/
Lundeen, A. Elizabeth, Stein, D. Aryeh, Welsh, A, Jean. (2013). The Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Wars: Public Health and the Role of the Beverage Industry. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425304/
Strum, Roland. (2004). Childhood Obesity – What We Can Learn From Existing Data on Societal Trends. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1323315/
Washington, L. Reginald. (2011). Childhood Obesity: Issues of Weight Bias. Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181194/
