Introduction
Process of its occurrence, breakage, and rapid shifting of rocks below the earth crust
Body
Causes of earthquake, it comes due to an abrupt emission of energy in the Earth's crust that produces seismic waves
Period of occurrence, Earthquake can last for a few seconds or minutes, and a number of earthquakes can occur within a time span of hours or weeks.
meaning of the period/ duration of occurrence, this duration is known as foreshocks and aftershocks respectively.
Magnitudes of occurrences, Earthquake can occur at the different moment magnitudes that are noticeable. Some can go unnoticed when the magnitude is minimal.
Earthquake effects, Earthquakes have caused a greater lose to human kind. As it is continuing to posing inevitable hazards to the growing urban population, earthquake catastrophes are realistically avoidable and, ultimately, a superior solution can finish the hazards.
when and where the resent earthquake occurred, the most recent dangerous earthquake seriously affected some parts of the republic of Japan in the month of March 2011. It happened to be the Japanese massive earthquake since time immemorial.
Instruments used to measure earthquake, it is measured using observation from seismometer. The vibrations that lead to earthquake are described by peak acceleration and frequency.
Definition of Seismic waves, they are vast strains of energy emitted at times when an earthquake is travelling.
How it moves, the movements do take place in all directions within the earth crust.
Classification of Seismic waves, they are broadly categorized into two main branches, which are based on their movements.
The branches are body waves and surface waves. Surface waves generally travel close to the earth’s surface while the body waves are travelling deep in the earth crust. The difference between the two is that body waves have primary and secondary waves.
Composition of surface waves, they are made up of love waves and Rayleigh waves.
the different types of earthquakes for example naturally occurring, fault type, among others.
How to predict, scientist can foretell that an earthquake of a precise magnitude may occur in a specific place at a particular period of time.
Conclusion
Earthquake should be handled technologically.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Tectonic earthquakes are occurring anywhere on the earth. They do occur in places where kinetic elastic strain force, is enough to drive fracture transmission alongside a fault plane. It then forces the planes of a fault moving past each other efficiently and a seismically. These movements do occur only in the absent of asperities or irregularities alongside the fault facade that augment the frictional resistance.
The majority fault facades do encompass such asperities moreover this result into an appearance of stick-slip actions. Upon locking of the fault, continued relative movement amidst the plates results to rising stress and, as a result, Kinetic strain force in the aptitude around the fault facade. This carries on until the moment when the stress has increased adequately to go through the roughness, all of a sudden permitting moving over the locked segment of the fault, discharging the kinetic energy. This power is discharged as a mixture of radiated flexible strain seismic waves, fault surface frictional heating, coupled with the disintegration of the rock, consequently resulting into an earthquake. When this process is combined with rare abrupt earthquake stoppage, is commonly known as the elastic-rebound theory.
Earthquakes can be dangerous for survival of human beings. The following poem expresses the aftermath of an earthquake:
Swap Quatrain)
It struck so hard and people died,
Happened so quick, many are dead.
The earth shook, took them all off guard.
And people died, it struck so hard.
Dreadful picture, so much sorrow.
People crying, suffering shows.
Some lost it all and that for sure.
So much sorrow, dreadful picture.
They need our aid and our prayers.
'Cause this pain is more than they bear.
Tragedy takes toll and they bleed.
Our prayers and our aid they need.
Dorian Petersen Potter
aka ladydp2000
February 12,2010
Dedication poem to the people of Haiti.
The poem illustrates the various damaging effects to the regions they act upon. This includes damage to structures and in most horrible cases the loss of human life
Earthquake fault types
The geological researchers managed to identify three chief categories of fault that might cause earthquake. They are normal reverse and strike slip fault. Normal fault can occur in areas with extended crust for instance divergent boundary. Elastic energy released during fault raptures is stored in the tectonic plates. The available width is responsible for controlling maximum earthquake magnitude. Possibility nearly all powerful earthquakes due to the plane’s width lying between 50 km to 100km in the brittle crust (Roz 147).
Earthquake a way from plate boundaries
Deformation lengthen over a much wider area compared to plated boundary, it is frequent in boundaries that are in the continental lithosphere. Majority earth quakes are taking place at the plate boundary as in the situation of San Andreas Fault. They are alike to the strains formed in the border zone. Every tectonic plate contains internal stress area developing as a result of their contact with the adjacent plates. Moreover, the stress can also develop as a result of interaction between tectonic plates and loading of sediments (Train 278). Generated stress can be enough to enhance letdown on the available fault planes, thus causing intraplate earthquake.
Shallow focus and deep-focus earthquakes
A greater number of tectonic earthquakes are originating from the fire’s ring in profundity not more than tens of kilometers. Shallow-focus earthquake occurs at depths smaller than 70km. Mid-focus earthquake or intermediate depth earthquakes. Earthquakes frequently take place in volcanic areas and are fuelled in those regions by magma movement in volcanoes. These types of earthquakes are serving like advance volcanic eruption warning. For instance, 1980 eruption of the Mount Saint Helens, (Train 346). Other than plate tectonic interactions, human activities can also cause earthquakes. Other terminologies used in earthquake study are aftershock, earthquake swarms, earthquake storms, and induced seimecity. In conclusion, earthquake has no benefits but cause several problems to people. Necessary plans like modern design and redesign of structures should be in place.
How to predict an earth quake
Seismologists can forecast where major earthquakes are likely to take place, nevertheless, based on the location of fault zones and the tectonic plates movement in the Earth. They can also make general presumptions about when earthquakes may occur in definite areas, by detecting where pressure is building alongside fault lines and observing the history of earthquakes in the area. For example, if an area has experienced four magnitude 6 or larger quakes during the past 100 years, Seismologists would compute the likelihood of another magnitude 6 quake taking place in the next 40 years at 40 percent. However these guesses may not turn out to be consistent for the reason that, when strain is released alongside one part of a fault line, it may essentially amplify strain on other parts.
Consequently, majority of earthquake calculations are indistinguishable at best. Seismologists have had more triumph making predictions after effects, other quakes following a previous earthquake. These guesses are based on wide research of after effects patterns. Seismologists can make a good guess of how an earthquake occurring along one fault will cause extra earthquakes in associated faults.
Effects of earth quake
Earthquakes produce a variety of damaging effects to the regions it occurs. The consequence of the echoing produced by earthquakes more often than not leads to the destruction of bridges, buildings, and dams. The following video illustrates the process of earth shaking. The process can be complicated for strong shaking.
Conclusion
Predicting earth's phenomenon is all about having the right tools for the job. Seismologists analyzing the movement of Fault may not yet be capable of telling us when to expect an earthquake, but they are able to collect in enough data to guess where.
A combination of data from microwave radar and satellites can be used to pinpoint to the millimeter the movement of plates. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is also used. It is an equipment whose effectiveness in studying seismic movement was proven in the early 1980s. By using these equipments, we're able to have an idea of the likely strength and location of an earthquake.
Works cited
Greg, Roz. Earthquake: True Stories of Survival. New York. NY: The Rosen Publishing. Group, 2007, Print.
Arthur, Train. The Earthquake. New York. NY: BiblioBazaar, 2009, Print.
