Each person comes through different stages of development. Thus, there are a lot of theories on psychological development stages. Though, they are different and depend on the different factors. That is why it is not correct to separate some distinct stages of the development.
Child development is a complex dialectical process. In psychology, there are the following periods of child and youth development: the newborn (up to 10 days), infant age (under 1 year), early childhood (1-3 years), pre-preschool (3-5 years), preschool (5-7 years) primary school (7-11 years), adolescence (11-15 years), early youth or senior school age (15-18 years).
Age characteristics determine the change in the position of the child in the family and at school, changing forms of training and education, new forms of activity, and some features of the maturation of his body. Hence age is not only biological, but also social category.In this regard, in psychology there is a concept of leading activity. For each age is characterized by different types of activities, there is a need in each of its forms: in the game, learn, work, communication. The leading activity is a form of it, which at this stage of development, at this age stage the main causes, the most important changes in the psyche of the child, the student, in his mental processes and mental properties personality.
For preschool game is leading activity. At school age it is learning, the game loses its leading role. With age, the role of labor activity rises. And indeed the educational activity is undergoing significant changes. For 10-11-year period of study at the school its content and nature changes, every year demands of the student increase, the increasing role played by independent, creative side of his educational activity.
1) The social situation of development;
2) carried out activities;
3) The main new formations.
Factors of mentally development
1. Biology factor includes first of all heredity: temperament and inclinations abilities are inherited. Biology factor itself includes features of prenatal development and the birth process
2. Environmental influences on mental development indirectly. Isolated by natural environment and social environment.
3. Activity is the third factor of mental development.
The periodization of the personality development according to Freud
Personality according to Freud passes in its development several psychosexual stages:
1. Oral stage (from birth to 1 year) In this period, the center of sensory stimulation and enjoyment for a child is the mouth.
2. Anal stage (1-1,5 up to 3 years). Erogenous zone shifts to the intestinal mucosa.
3. Phallic stage (3-5 years) characterizes the highest stage of children's sexuality. Of sensual pleasure the child focused on the genitals (Oedipus complex).
4. Latent stage (up to 12 years old) the period of temporary interruption of sexual development of the child
5. Capital stage (from 12 years) due to biological maturation in adolescence and the final psychosexual development (Durkin).
If any of these psychosexual stages of development of the psyche they experience too severe frustration or too much satisfaction, there may be a fixation on the needs of this stage. For example, the attachment of libido to the oral area by the adult makes itself known behavior of residual oral - Smoking, chewing gum, alcohol, etc.
The periodization of development of personality by E. Erickson
According to Erickson features of personality development depend on the economic and cultural level of development of a society in which the child grows (Durkin)..
At each stage of psychic development, the child acquires certain personality tumor, which is fixed in the personality structure, and remains in later life. Each personal as concluded in-depth attitude to the world and yourself. This attitude can be both positive and negative.
The development of moral consciousness of the personality by L. Kohlberg
L. Kohlberg conducted an experiment in which he identified moral judgments and ethical representation of children of different ages.
1st level - humoral. At 1 stage, the child focuses on the punishment and behave well to avoid it, 2 stage -the child focuses on the reward.
2 - second level - conventional morality (the agreement). Tends to behave based on the need for approval, in maintaining good relations. The approval of others is characteristic of stage 3, focus on authority - for the 4th stage.
3rd level - Autonomous morality. Moral standards become the private domain of the individual (Durkin).
All preschoolers and most seven-year-old children are on humoral level (70%). humoral consciousness is saved in 10 years-30% of children 13-16 years’ eve in 10% of children. Many children to 13 years to decide moral issues on the 2nd level. Only 10 % of teenagers rise up to the highest level of moral consciousness. Individual differences here are great.
Stages of intellectual development by Jean Piaget
The process of intellectual development is a change of periods during which there is formation of basic intellectual structures (Durkin).
Within each age there are large individual differences as a consequence of, first, individual options living conditions, and educational activities and, secondly, the nature of individual differences (in particular, the typological properties of the nervous system). Specific living conditions are very diverse, as well as individual personality characteristics. Therefore, we can say that the age-related characteristics, although there are as quite typical for this age, from time to time are reviewed in connection with the so-called acceleration (acceleration of) development. All this makes the characteristics of the age characteristics of conditional and unstable, although there are age-related features as the most typical, the most characteristic of general characteristics age, indicating the general direction of development.
Work Cited
Durkin, Kevin. Developmental Social Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1995. Print.
