Q.1
Early Development in Children: The Case of My Classmate
According to Freud, the father of modern psychology people develop their personalities during the earliest stages of life, and they tend to instate and reinstate their personal developments in the later phases of their existence because the humans do not have the ability to change their behavioral identities in the mature stages of their lives. There are two major sorts of mental disorders that are quite prevalent in juniors. The children either suffer from internalizing or externalizing phenomena. The former ones include depressive and anxious thoughts and emotions. The attitudes influenced by depression translate into suicidal behaviors, and the subjects suffering from the condition often engage in various types of self-harm and they usually turnoff themselves because they fail to find hope and perspective of bright future. The anxious child on the other hand exhibit totally different set of behaviors, and he or she can become aggressive and violent towards others. In short, a depressed soul hurts him or herself, and that who is going through anxiety engages in order to pain others. In this way, both of them have a common tendency of having an unconstructive influence on the society. The depressive ones do not serve the community with their fuller potential while their anxious friends actively hurt others, and make the society miserable in the process. The anxious individuals have the negative competency to emerge as serial killers and rapists as well. The depressed kids do not integrate social learning theory in their lives, and they love to be alone. They become hyperactive when they have to interact with the outside world. Additionally, I had a roommate who was very disturbed at an emotional level and has already developed depressive tendencies. He was emotionally compromised because his girlfriend has left him, and chose another person over him. The hurt individual was running away from social gatherings, and settings. He remained marginally interested in class proceedings as well. However, one of my professors took him under his wing, and made him a better person. He had deeply unresolved emotions, and he needed a vent in order to get them out of his system. The professor magically worked on him and transformed the suffering lad into a very successful writer in the recent years. The professor was adequately hard on the struggling lad, and he punished him and scolded him for being lazy on a frequent basis. The boy responded to the intervention that professor started to integrate in his life, and before anyone can know about it, the youngster was covering the milestones of personal development at the speed of light. The professor grew, and applied a multidimensional personal development plan that benefited from all major behavioral-psychological works because he facilitated social exchange with his student in order to enhance learning process. He punished his pupil for his mistakes and the formerly troubled person eventually withdrew from his depressive state because his mentor did not give him time to worry. Both of the techniques had a compounded affect on the developmental process of the student because they changed his basic belief system that was greatly influenced by negative thoughts so the professor used social learning and operant theories as tools to achieve deeper and embedded cognitive results in his protégé.
Q.2
Genetic Reasons behind Development of Autism in Kids
Following are a few genetic reasons behind development of autism in kids: -
Fragile X Syndrome
There are various genetic reasons behind development of autism in children. The kids who suffer from the condition have to face difficulties in terms of learning, and they develop speech later than the normal ones. The Fragile X Syndrome has been believed to be the one of the leading causes of the featured condition. The males are more significantly prone to suffer from the abovementioned genetic disorder that can lead to development of autism during early years of one’s life. The syndrome does not cause serious intellectual difficulties, but it contributes notably towards aggravation of attention issues, and the patients might find it difficult to maintain cognitive energy at a specialized set of actions for long.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic situation that generates difficulties in terms of organic growth because it affects transference of developmental enzymes throughout the body, and therefore, some parts of the body remain underdeveloped whereas, others overgrow with the passage of time. The condition has holistic consequences, and it influences human body as a whole. The same situation can cause the development of autism as well. The resultant biomedical scenario is so severe in nature that it renders very negative ramifications for those who had to suffer through it for their lifetimes. The cognitive and physical problems that the featured medical condition causes do not give any opportunity to the subject to lead a fulfilling life at both physical and psychological levels.
Congenital Rubella
Congenital Rubella is a condition that leads to infected child in the body of the mother during pregnancy. The rubella virus ills the baby during the carriage, and the disease can affect the child during the opening ninety days of the process, and rubella virus can play a handy role regarding creation of autism in infants. However, the damage can be minimal or maximal in the children who contract the disease during the time in mother’s worm.
Q.3
Diathesis-Stress Model
The diathesis-stress model argues that biological and environmental factors both contribute towards causing psychological problems in people of different societies and cultures. According to the model, the humans have the biological tendencies to contract various kinds of mental conditions. However, these variables remain dormant until the individuals experience some kind of trauma in their lives that aggravate the underlying biological factors, and cause them to become pronounced at the behavioral level of the population. The neurotic personality is more prone towards experiencing depression than those of having outgoing personalities. The neurosis is developed due to the personalities of the parents, and therefore, the genetic makeup of the child provided groundwork for the depressive attitude to kick in. The extroverts are more likely to contract drug addiction than all other types because they have the urge to expose themselves to novel sensations. The development of extroversion is strongly linked with genes of the parents so again the biological factors can play a primary role in terms of causing drug addiction while, the forces of peer pressure and social influences will have a secondary hand in this regard. The field of psychopathology works in order to manage both physical and psychological aspects of the illnesses. The science works with the help of drugs and counseling in order to treat physical and psychological results respectively.
Q.4
Impact of Poverty on Development of Children
The economic realities of the modern living are pronounced out of proportion, and the marketers have created useless needs in order to enhance their financial fruits. The parents have to survive in the recessed world of economics, and they cannot fulfill certain needs of their children because of their lack of income. The children think that parents do not care about them and their needs, and therefore, they become violent and disobedient with the passage of time. The children have to be given the lesson of faith. They have to receive the ability to practice patience without getting irritated. The poverty should not be allowed to influence the happiness levels of kids because the parents have to switch to entertainment activities that they can afford in their current and prevalent economic state so that the kids do not grow bored of their lives due to absence of fun.
Q.5
Psychological Needs of the Juniors
The children do not have sufficient experience of life, and therefore, they intend to live in present. They derive more happiness out of their existences than the average grownup lad. The psychologists do not have to worry about providing lengthy counseling services to children, and their depressive thoughts and emotions can be managed by indulging them into physical sports, and by providing their elders with guidelines about arranging regular playtime for them. The children feel important by reading aloud and therefore, their self-image becomes enhanced that drops their depression to minimal levels. Additionally, care provided by immediate family can go a long way regarding soothing of young nerves as well. Humans operate at peak levels when they do not feel anxious and depressive. They have to let go of the past in order to embrace the future. The depressive people obsess about the failures so much that they let other opportunities go by unintended.
References
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). A Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Racial Stereotyping and Reconstructive Memory in Euro-American Children. Child Development Vol 64 (5), 1507–1518.
Blase, J., & Blase, J. (2000). Effective instructional leadership: Teachers’ perspectives on how principals promote teaching and learning in schools. Journal of Educational Administration Vol 38 (2), 130 - 141.
Keil, S., Miller, O., & Cobb, R. (2006). Special educational needs and disability. British Journal of Special Education Vol 33 (4), 168–172.
Leach, L., Butterworth, P., Olesen, S., & Mackinnon, A. (2013). Relationship quality and levels of depression and anxiety in a large population-based survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Vol 48 (3), 417-425.
Licht, B. (1983). Cognitive—Motivational Factors That Contribute to the Achievement of Learning-Disabled Children. Journal of Learning Disabilities Vol 18 (8), 483-490.
Peck, S. (2005). The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values, and Spiritual Growth. London: Simon & Schuster.
