Part I
During the 17th century, the European underwent a social, political and economic transformation as compared to the Arab worlds. This meant that the British increased in population at a higher rate as opposed to the Arab, improved technologically and economically also (Clancy and Smith 34). This brought a superiority complex between the two worlds with the Europeans proving to be the dominant in many instances. This made the Arabs to start looking forward to the ways and culture of the European. This greatly influenced the great reformations in the Arab Empires hence inviting the British to their land in the 19th century.
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During the 19th century, the Middle East underwent several changes in the economic and social aspects. A large change in culture was noticed due to changes in trade, agriculture and social transformations which was dubbed the “the Great Nineteenth Century Transformation”. This was mostly influenced by the British once they arrived in the Middle East as allies to the Ottoman Empires. They influenced changed and introduced Christianity in the name of helping out the Ottoman Empires to develop both economically and military-wise (Clancy and Smith 129).
During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire acquired funds from the British in order to develop their own cities. This meant that the British financed most of the economic progress in the countries thereby giving them a say in their administration of the Empire. British influenced the Ottomans decision indirectly there by controlling what was happening in the land. It is aid that the main aim of the British venturing into the Middle East was to gain control of the trade routes and the oil in the area. The British could be seen to be using a cunning way to gain their access to these sites by signing blind treaties with the Ottoman rulers.
During the Cyprus convection of 1878, Cyprus became a protectorate of the British from the Ottoman Empire. The Cyprus welcomed the British with the hope that they will increase their economic dominance, democracy and prosperity only for the British to have other intentions. The British main intention was to promote their own trade, but in the mean while they had to improve trade in the Middle East countries first.
The British formed alliances with the French and the Russians in order to increase their chances in controlling the various Empires of the Ottomans. They also formed alliances with natives, arming them with modern tools of warfare. This helped the Middle countries acquire modern tools of war hence helping them develop further. After the Arab revolt of 1918, the British helped the Arabs to defeat the Ottoman Empire. The British and the French armed the Arabs and fought alongside them in order to defeat the Ottoman Empire as it had a large army base.
The British in collaboration with the French and the Russians collaborated to enhance the technology of the Middle in a quest to subdivide the empire among them. This involved signing of treaties that enabled the Ottoman Empire to break down the boundary walls that existed among the various empires. This was to pave way for the new communication and transportation technologies affecting the social aspects of the empire greatly.
Part II
The Arab Revolt took place between 1916 and 1918. It was started by Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of unifying the Arab States (Clancy and Smith 79). The Sherif revolted against the Ottoman Turks demanding for independence from their rule. It also seen the Sherif had ulterior motives of seizing the railway station to control trade and the Holy city.
The Gallipoli Campaign was also known as the Dardanelles Campaign or the Battle of Gallipoli. The campaign took place in the Gallipoli peninsula, Ottoman Empire, during the First World War between 1915 and 1916. This was an attack by Russia and its allies; these were the British and French, with the intention of capturing the Ottoman Capital through naval attacks.
Kucuk Kaynarca is todays Bulgaria according to the world map. The treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca was a peace treaty signed by the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire on July 1774. The document marked the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the Russians following the defeat in the battle of Kozludzha.
Works Cited
Clancy-Smith, Julia A, and Charles D. Smith. The Modern Middle East and North Africa: A History in Documents. N.p., 2013. Print.
