Cellular respiration equation:
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATP.
Glucose+Oxygen→Carbon dioxide+Water+38ATP.
Photosynthesis equation:
6CO2+6H2O+sunlight, nutrients→C6H12O6+6O2.
Carbon dioxide+Water→Glucose+Oxygen.
Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes. It means that products of cellular respiration are reactants of photosynthesis and vice versa: the products of photosynthesis are reactants for cellular respiration. It is known that plants are autotrophs. Thus, they have to realize cellular respiration because they need energy for their existence. Due to cellular respiration, they receive energy, which is used to make organic compounds (glucose) and oxygen during photosynthesis. From the other side, people are heterotrophs. They perform only cellular respiration to make energy necessary for existence. People do not realize photosynthesis because they can not use sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. The result of this reaction – 2 molecules of ATP.
Then in the mitochondria pyruvic acid is converted in the Acetyl CoA, which is needed for further breakdown.
During this step, in presence of oxygen, all the hydrogens are stripped off the Acetyl CoA to extract the electrons for making ATP. Also, during this process CO2 and H2O are produced. The result of citric acid cycle is the production of 4 ATPs and a numerous NADH molecules.
Electrons from hydrogens are carried by NADH and used to produce 32 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose.
5.
Aerobic respiration or cellular respiration it is breaking down the sugar in presence of the oxygen. The sugar is breaking down to CO2 and H2O, and after this process 38 molecules of ATP are formed. Aerobic respiration consists of four steps: glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate, Citric Acid cycle (CAC), and oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation occurring without oxygen. In the end of this process are two molecules of ATP that is enough to keep cell alive or working for a while. The only step of fermentation is glycolysis (the first step of Aerobic respiration). Anaerobic respiration results in the production of lactic acid.
6.
Draw a simple cell and indicate where the different steps in cellular respiration occur.
7.
There are two sets of reactions of photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of thylakoids), within the chloroplast; light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle reactions), take place in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast, outside of the thylakoid membranes.
8.
In the light-dependent reactions, energy of sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of electron carrier molecule NADPH and the energy currency molecule ATP. The light-independent reactions do not use the sunlight but they need the products of light-dependent reactions. During the light-independent reactions using the products of light-dependent reactions provide the energy to form carbohydrates from CO2 molecules.
9.
Photophosphorylation is the process of photosynthesis during which the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is occurring. The end product of both processes (photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation) is ATP. Photophosphorylation occurs inside chloroplast during photosynthesis and involves pigment systems; sunlight is the source of energy. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place inside mitochondria during respiration; ATP is the source of energy; requires molecular oxygen; ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic phosphate by utilizing energy released during electron transport.
10.
The molecule that is responsible for capturing light energy in green plants is called chlorophyll.
11.
While electrons move from PSII to PSI they lose their energy. And that is why PSI needs to re-energize electrons what activates the next chain of reactions.
12.
In the PSII energy of the sunlight is used to extract electrons from the water. The electrons move from PSII to PSI through the chloroplast electron transport chain (ETC), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH. ETC moves protons across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. At the same time, splitting of water adds protons to the lumen while reduction of NADPH removes protons from the stroma. It makes a low pH in the thylakoid lumen and a high pH in the stroma.
Electrochemical gradient is used to generate ATP.
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