2. What impact did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have on the black community in Cleveland?
The 1964 civil rights act was of benefit to the blacks in Cleveland. The blacks got the right to vote for the leaders of their choice. The blacks were also allowed to vie for political seats like other citizens of the United States. The act also gave the blacks the right to use public facilities such as hotels and schools that were also attended by the whites. This means that discrimination reduced and more interaction between blacks and whites in public places increased. The act also gave the blacks equal chances of securing jobs in the United States. The act generally was important in reducing discrimination that existed in the United States against the blacks. It gave more opportunities for blacks in the United States (Nelson, 1985).
How did the Hough Riots of 1966 followed by the Glenville Riots of 1968 affect minorities here?
The riots that occurred during the year had many negative effects to the minority groups. In the first place, they were hated by the whites because of the violence they caused as they sought for their rights. The population in the region decreased because many whites migrated to live in better places. The minority race proved difficult to live with in this case. The government also reduced the support it offered to the people in the region. This negatively affected the living standards of minority groups since provision of social amenities became a problem hence the people lived difficult lives. The other negative effect of the event is that the minorities lost their jobs and it became difficult for them to secure jobs. This is because investment in the region was discouraged. These people therefore remained undeveloped for a long time as compared to their counterparts (Nelson, 1985).
The minorities were left with emotional scars that would take time to heal. They had caused a lot of damage and they were aware of this. This affected the people in the region for a long period of time.
What strategies did Mayor Locher and Mayor Stokes invoke to stop these riots?
The mayor sought for security guards to come and help end the problem. The police and the guards had to exchange fire with the residents in an attempt to end the crisis. Many people were also arrested in the process.
Were these strategies considered effective at that time? If so why, if not why not?
The strategy that was adopted at the time was effective. This is because there was no other option of dealing with the situation. People were losing their lives and a lot of property was being destroyed. The people did not allow for negotiations, which would have solved the situation peacefully. The only option that was available was use of force. Even though damages were witnessed, the method was effective because the riots were ended (Warren, 1990).
What was the end result of their efforts?
The end results of use of force was that the riots and civil wars came to an end. People received peace at the end. However, several people lost their property and their relatives. Their relationship with the whites became even worse. The region remained underdeveloped for a long time due to the riots and the civil wars (Warren, 1990).
3. What is Urban Renewal and when was it first introduced?
Urban renewal is the development of the urban areas with dense or moderate population. It involved the improvement of infrastructure such as housing and roads to ensure that the living standards of the people in urban areas were improved. It was first introduced in the early 19th century, but the activity intensified in the year 1940 (In Keating, 1995).
What economic, political, and social conditions sanctioned such radical action?
Violence was one of the social conditions that sanctioned urban renewal. The crowded urban areas led to an increase in the crimes and urban development was seen as a solution to the problem. The political conditions in USA also led to the situation. The politicians wanted to ensure better living standards of the citizens and this is why the legislature passed a housing act to facilitate urban renewal. Economic conditions also sanctioned the activity. There was a need to ensure that the living standards of the laborers who were contributing to economic growth of the region (In Keating, 1995).
Who was it suppose to help and who actually benefited?
The urban renewal was supposed to help the people who lived in slums. This is where the poor people in USA lived. People in these regions were supposed to benefit equally. This is regardless of ethnic backgrounds and social class. However, the program benefited the white who were living in better conditions. They accessed mortgages and built buildings that are more luxurious. People of the lower social class did not benefit much.
Who lead the Urban Renewal Program in Cleveland, and what did he accomplish in his nine years in office?
Mayor Stokes led the urban renewal program in Cleveland. The program achieved its objectives partly. Some people were able to construct new houses hence improve their living conditions. The infrastructure of the region was also improved. However, the set goals were not effectively achieved since the effects of riots and the failure by government to give enough funds to implement the program hindered the implementation of the program.
What new government agency took over the Urban Renewal Program nationally in 1965 and what new policies did this agency adopt in order to ensure greater success in future Urban Renewal efforts?
Ithaca urban renewal agency was formed in 1965 to facilitate urban development. Some of the policies adopted by the agency are to fund people who were willing to construct houses in the region at low interest rates. The agency cooperated with other development agencies in the region to facilitate economic development of the people. The agency offers technical and entrepreneurial advice to the people in the cities. They also give loans to people who are willing to engage in business activities. Such policies ensure that the people engage in activities that can generate revenue hence enable people to build their own houses or rent better houses hence improve their living standards. The agency also engages in the development of infrastructure in cities and in the neighborhoods (Cummings, 1998).
What part do UDAGs and CDBGs play in Urban Renewal projects beginning in the mid 1970s?
The UDAGs and CDBGs financed large projects in the cities. The grants mainly financed projects that require a large amount of capital. They aimed at stimulating economic growth within the shortest time possible to empower the people living in the populated parts of the cities. With the large sized projects, creation of employment was witnessed. The people who got jobs would construct good houses for themselves and live better lives. The aim of the finances was to develop the cities hence reduce the number of people migrating to the suburbs. Later, the grants were provided to the small sized businesses when it was realized that the large projects were failing. These projects also enhanced the creation of jobs. The grants did not perform as expected due to the poor management of funds and the greed of the managers (Cummings, 1998).
References
Warren, C., & Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs. (1990). Housing: New lessons, new models. Cleveland, Ohio: Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University.
Nelson, W. E. (1985). Cleveland: the evolution of black political power.
In Keating, W. D., In Krumholz, N., & In Perry, D. C. (1995). Cleveland: A metropolitan reader. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
Cummings, S. (1988). Business elites and urban development: Case studies and critical perspectives. Albany: State University of New York Press.
