Abstract
The basic purpose of conducting this experiment is determination of head loss through pipes, fitting, bends as well as transitions and subsequent calculation for loss of coefficients in every fitting. Moreover, this experiment determines flow rate across orifice plate based on pressure drop. In fact, a head loss which may be major or minor occurs due to drop in pressure during internal flows. The major losses are associated to internal surface roughness and Reynolds number and important to determine friction factor with the help of Moody's plot. Reynolds number further facilitate to evaluate nature of the flow such as laminar or turbulent. On other hand, minor loss happens due to fittings or valves involved in the piping system. The apparatus or measuring devices in this experiment comprised of the manometers, differential pressure gauge, and stopwatch. Numerous ranges of velocities are involved in this experiment that depends on temperature, internal roughness apart from applied pressures. Hence, there are few possibilities of errors during performance and observation. At first, the temperature is an important factor affecting the viscosity of the fluid. The high temperature reduces the viscosity with a subsequent increase in the flow rate and vice versa. Moreover, parallax error may exist while taking the observations. In the context of applications, the knowledge of this experiment can be observed in the working phenomena of fountains. In addition, the application of this experiment is imperative in water distribution system that involves pipes, fittings, bends, valves and so forth. The calculations regarding the loss of head and frictions through these fittings and pipes facilitate to overcome the issues and helps in the provision of required pressure at the outlets.
