Red blood cells take approximately 120 days to be produced. The process of its production is called erythropoiesis and the place of production is myeloid tissue. For the formation of red blood cells, the haemocytoblast must be present. The existence of Multi-CSF causes the haemocytoblast to progress into progenitor cells. The progenitor cells, on the other hand, will form other cells. This cell may also develop into proerythroblast when EPO is present. Proerythroblast forms basophilic erythroblast which will in turn develop into polychromatophilic erythroblast, followed by normoblast which develops into reticulocyte which eventually becomes erythrocyte. All these developments must take place in the presence of the EPO (Leach 2013).
All the developments that lead to the formation of red blood cells take approximately 8 days. Day 1 is the formation of proerythroblast. Day 2 entails development of basophilic erythroblast. Day three involves the production of polychromatophilic erythroblast, then production of normablast, reticulate and RBC (Leach 2013).
Structure and the Function of Biological Molecules
The cells in the body have molecules that assist in its growth and development. These molecules help to bring nourishment and provide a condition for growth. There are small and large biological molecules. Small biological molecules comprise of sugars, fatty acids and amino acids. Amino acids are used to form large molecules called proteins. It is made up of NH2 and COOH. Amino acids are constituents in the formation of proteins. Other than making proteins, amino acids can be used in the formation of some polymers (Campbell & Reece n.d.).
Structure of Amino Acid
Proteins are made of amino acids. They have several functions, some of the functions are catalyzing chemical reactions, support the body in terms of the cytoskeleton, storage, movements, and transports and defending the body from pathogen attack (Campbell & Reece n.d.).
The second type of large molecule is called lipids which are compounds that have little attraction to water. Examples of lipids are fats, phospholipids and steroids. Fats are large molecules whose main function in the body is energy storage. Moreover, they function as insulators of shock; they are found around vital organs of the body. Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Phospholipids, on the other hand, are a main constituent of the skin. It is comprised of glycerol, fatty acids which are two in number and hydrophobic molecules. Steroids have carbon skeleton. Its functions are forming part of cell membrane in animals. In addition, it is a herald other steroids (Campbell & Reece n.d.).
The third large molecule is carbohydrate which is made up of sugars and their polymers. Monosaccharides are simple sugars made up of carbon, 2 hydrogens and oxygen. This type of carbohydrate has several functions. As nutrients, they generate cellular energy, constituents of the development of small organic molecules and can be incorporated into storage polymers. They also come together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides which are used for structural, storage and formation of chitin (Campbell & Reece n.d.).
Summary of the Experiment (RNA Interference)
Silencing RNA is made up of approximately 25-30 base pairs. They are known for their many functions, but their main function is the interference of RNA pathway. In this pathway, the silencing RNA is known to inhibit the expression of certain genes with paired nucleotide sequence. siRNA is usually short, double stranded. They are known to have phosphorylated 5’ and hydroxylated 3’ ends. In order to produce silencing RNA, the dsRNAs and hairpin RNAs must be stimulated. The stimulation is done by Dicer enzyme. Other than dsRNA being catalyzed, silencing RNAs can be produced by a process called transfection (Glennon & Humphrey 2011).
Gene knockdown by transfection of exogenous siRNA is often unacceptable since the result is merely temporary, specifically in hurriedly separating cells. This might be overcome by generating an appearance vector for the siRNA. The silencing RNA order is changed to introduce a small hoop amid the two strands. The resultant transcript is a diminutive hairpin RNA, which can be handled into a functional siRNA by Dicer in its normal style (Glennon & Humphrey 2011).
Summary of What Controls the Heart and Breathing Rate
The heart has the aorta and internal carotid artery, which in turn have the carotid and Aortic baroreceptors. These two baroreceptors are stretch receptors which are used to detect the increase and decrease in blood pressure. These baroreceptors send the signals of the increase or decrease via the vague nerve, for the aortic baroreceptors to the medulla oblongata which has the cardiac center. The decision is then interpreted by the cardiac center, it determines if the pressure is too high or low. The determination of whether the blood pressure is too high or low is based on the homeostatic set point (Cardiovascular System 2012).
Therefore, if the cardiac center determines that the blood pressure is above the set point, it sends an efferent message through the vagus nerve along the parasympathetic membrane to the SA node. Acetylcholine will then be released, reducing the heart rate bringing the blood pressure to its set point. Consequently, when the blood pressure is low, an efferent message is sent thorough the parasympathetic nerve to cardiac nerve which is attached in three positions along the cervical ganglia. The message goes to the SA node causing the release of norepinephrine which stimulates the increase in heart rate (Cardiovascular System 2012).
Summary of Mendel’s Experiment
Mendel was a bright boy who was born to a poor family. His fathers were peasant farmers. When Mendel was still young his father died and according to their traditions the boy was to take over. However, he was not able to due to his constant ill health. As a result, he went and enrolled himself in a monastery. It is in this monastery that he developed the urge of studying the different types of species. At the monastery garden he wondered why plants of the same species varied. He realized that plants of the same species were different in color and height. It was his curiosity that led to experiments which yielded into solving the issues of inheritance. His experiments entailed the use of peas (Mendel's pea’s Genetics 2011).
Hypothesis
Mendel gave a number of hypotheses. The first one was that there are different factors that affect the characteristics of plants. These factors are genes and are transferred from one generation to the other as a discrete (Mendel's pea’s Genetics 2011).
Experiment
He carried out his experiments on peas which were his favorite; had been grown all over the farm. The experiments that he carried out involved color, shape, texture and height. The experiments that he carried out entailed the use of plants that bred true. In his experiments green plants were bred with yellow. Peas had male and female reproductive organs. The pure bred were cross bred and the traits were observed. The first experiment entailed shape which yielded all round peas. The second cross involved the hybrids, while third entailed the F2 generation (Mendel's pea’s Genetics 2011).
Discussion
The F1 offspring was a green pea. When plants with yellow peas were self-pollinated with each other the F1 generation was yellow. Mendel also realized that if a plant with green characteristic dominant is bred with yellow the F1 generation is said to be green. When the F1 generation was cross-pollinated with another, it yields ¾ of green pea and ¼ yellow peas. The yellow peas, which are a ¼ in proportion, are regarded as true plants since it can be cross-bred with the F2 plants to give white plant generation. On the ¾, 1/3 of the generation is true breeds that are they rare able to be self-pollinated with offspring’s from another generation to produce green plants (Mendel's pea’s Genetics 2011).
Conclusion
Bibliography
Berkeley Lab 2003, “ How Red Blood Cells Develop,” accessed 10 May, 2013
Campbell & Reece n.d., "The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules," accessed 10 May, 2013
Glennon, L & Humphrey, J 2011, "How does small interfering RNAs control gene expression?"
Leach, T 2013, “Haematopoiesis - Blood Cell Formation," accessed 10 May, 2013 http://almostadoctor.co.uk/content/systems/haematology/haematopoiesis-blood-cell-formation
Mendel's pea’s Genetics 2011, “Mendel’s pea’s genetics - Experiments that changed the world," accessed 10 May, 2013
