Introduction
Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy.
Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino acid that forms the antigen R groups of sugar presence in the surface of the hydrophobic. Mutation forms cystic fibrosis and the mutant CFTR structure reaches the plasma membrane because of its enlarged structure. In that case, the folded mutant peptide forms the receptor that denatures antibodies.
Mutation of the peptide will affect the function of the protein. The protein to be denatured and losing their catalytic power of the enzyme formed. The gene encoded forms a protein that is denatured through its antibodies functions. The formed protein has soluble structure that in the alpha helical region that is later converted to an insoluble protein. Additionally, if the proper location of the protein is degraded by because of the new structure of the peptide leading to failure in the lipoprotein receptor that is unable to reach the membrane close to the plasma.
This mutation likely to increase the population of the protein, this is because the insoluble protein forms a beta confirmation from alpha thus causing a multiplication of the alpha protein to bête protein.
The primary structure of the peptide forms a linear structure of the amino acid from the disulfide bridges in the structure of linear peptide. The primary structure amino terminal then shift to a carboxyl terminal at the other terminal ending.
The tertiary structure the binding of hydrogen bond is in form of beta confirmation that shows the presence of stable structure. The mutation forms a globular chain structure importance for the amino acid hence forming proteomes and chaperones. The type of mutation in this case is reciprocal translocation where part of the chromosomes changes their locations.
This form of mutation on the protein is likely to affect the function of the protein. In this case, when a gene fusion occurs, all other cells may be affected thus reversing the role of a protein in formation of antigens in which the two separate genes translocation causing the body of an organism risky of falling to attacks of foreign cells. The function of the protein is then shifted from forming and transporting antigen to the new formed protein having a different function.
This form of mutation is likely to increase its population because it is an error caused by meiosis. The formed result feature in all offspring formed in the in the translocation carrier that lead to all formed. The population is likely to multiply with the new function of the protein shifting from providing antigens then the new structure of the peptide will not be targeted by foreign agent thus it will remain constant in fighting foreign particle thus it will not be be reduced in the body of an organism.
Using Punnett Squares
An analysis of the kind of genotypes may be based on the physical appearance. Besides that there is the analysis of the signs of the freckles with respect to their origin. A genotype for freckles is indicated by two alleles within the freckle gene. The two alleles that are probable to use the first letter are probable to use the trait “s” as the first letter. The two are S for dominant which shows the alleles that have freckles and s for recessive which do not have freckles. In our study, the following results are identified:
- Record of genotype for each individual
The man: the man is identified to have the freckles from an individual perspective. This means that he has the S (dominant) allele’s genotypes meaning that he has the freckles with him.
The woman: the woman from the results is identified to have the s (recessive) allele’s genotypes meaning that there is the absence of freckles without having to base on the observable perspective.
- Record of gametes that each of the individual would produce, based on the genotype of the individual
The man: the sex cells that are produced by the man are of the gametes “F” and “F”
The woman: the woman has the sex cell, or the gametes of the “f” and “f”
Punnet Square
- Probability that the two parents will have a give rise to child with freckles
In the above case, the parents have a different status. That is the man has freckles but the woman does not have freckles. In case both parents are homozygous, then they have a similar allele in the genes. The probability in this case then is that the child predicts a chance of a 100 % chance of having freckles. However if the parents are heterozygous, then they are rated to have a probability of 75% that the child will have the freckles as well as 25% that the child may not have freckles.
- The probability that the child, born to this couple, will be homozygous dominant
Since there is a probability of having dominance in three comparative sections indicate that there is a probability of 50% dominance in homozygous status. This is indicated by the 2/4 fraction of dominance.
Possible gametes that could be produced based on the genotype of each individual
The man: he is probable to get SS and Ss and Cc and cc gametes
The woman: the woman gets Ss and ss and CC and Cc gametes
Probability that the child born to this couple will have freckles and curly hair
The male is usually considered to have the traits of heterozygous and the female is said to have the homozygous. This means that the genes for the freckles and the curled hair are not within the same chromosomes and therefore resulting to an independent segregation during meiosis. As a result of these findings, then there is a 25 % probability that this couple manages to have a child with freckles as well as curly hair.
Examining Allele Frequency- Human Inheritance
- For most part, there were instances where the dominant alleles were expressed in the class. For certain traits such as the finger hair, the dominant allele was mostly expressed in a very large percentage of the class of a hundred students. This situation was seen to incorporate both the homozygous form as well as the heterozygous form of the dominant allele.
- This was true for the PTC taster trait, the presence of the finger hair trait as well as the presence of curly hair. This was however not in equal proportions as each category varied with each other. In the remaining traits, the recessive form of the trait was seen to have a high frequency over the dominant allele.
- The dominant allele is more commonly expressed since a large population of the people has these traits and the traits are reflected in their children who carry these genes.
Examining Allele Frequency – Founder Effect
- The ten squirrels represent the gene pool that was used. This is because they showed variety in the choosing just as the gene pool shows. The two colors of the squirrels show the composition of the gene pool used.
- With an increased number of squirrels sampled, the variety of results found increased such that the recessive and the dominant forms of the allele were more pronounced now.
- The first two squirrels contain a brown homozygous recessive allele as well as a heterozygous dominant allele of the black color. They would forma population where 75% of the population was likely to be brown and the remaining 25% were likely to be black.
Examining Allele Frequency – Bottleneck effect
Null hypothesis: The frequency of the dominant rare allele will be affected such that the number of the species containing this allele would reduce and probably be lost.
Alternate hypothesis: the frequency of the dominant allele will not be affected such that the number of the species containing this allele would remain constant in the population.
- The null hypothesis is accepted since the population of squirrels that had white fur and those that had red fur were lost after the catastrophic event. This went according to how the null hypothesis had predicted.
- The population differed heavily since the alleles that represented the rare kinds of the squirrels were lost and there came in new ‘rare’ kinds of the squirrels that were formed out of the catastrophic event. This population now creates different compositions of the types of the squirrels.
Work Cited
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers (2005) , B.E. Biology: Life on Earth, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education,.
Dickey, J( 2003). Laboratory Investigations for Biology, 2nd ed., San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings,. 80
Morgan, J.G. and M.E.B. Carter (2002), Investigating Biology, 4th ed., San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings,.
