The two basic models for parole administration are the consolidated model and the independent model.
Pros of the Consolidated Model of Administering Parole
Consolidated Model is considered as a program that is community-based hence its administration can be done in a single centralized location.
Consolidated Model of parole administration is a better model for the board of parole that is ineffective when it comes to performing administrative functions.
Consolidated Model helps in promoting consistent administration in the consolidated correction department that will render a better results offered by the services of community staffs.
Optimal effectiveness and efficiency of all staffs can be achieved by using a single administration that are in charge of correctional process and this can only come true if a government uses Consolidated Model.
Cons of the Consolidated Model of Administering Parole
Parole board who uses Consolidated Model are subjected to coercion from institutional concerns and institutional management regarding crowding that should be limited to applicable risk-assessment process.
Pros of the Independent Model of Administering Parole
Administering Parole by use of independent model makes the parole board to be at a best position when promoting the notion of parole so as to achieve public support.
Since parole failure is accounted for by the board, use of Independent Model will allow the board to operate at a point where effective supervision of parolees is possible.
Independent Model allows the parole board to be in control of its services therefore parole board stand a better chance to frame its own operational expenses and budget.
System of supervision can be adjusted and evaluated better by the parole board since Independent Model is closer to the offenders who have been released into the community with their associated problems
Cons of the Independent Model of Administering Parole
Application of Independent models can be indifferent to the programs of an institution and the board of parole. It places too much weight on concerns that do not merge with the institution’s correction needs or concerns.
How a state administers parole
Every state administers the preferred parole or both models through a judicial system. It is the best way in which the parole should be handled since it’s the body that is responsible with correction measures in every state.
Definition, History and Significance of Elmira
Elmira is a reformation facility that was invented in 1876 to motivate the convicts with rewards. Elmira is located in New York, Chemung County in Elmira city and it is surrounded with a maximum security. It main significance was to reform the convicts psychologically rather than physically.
Effect of Elmira on the parole in the United States
Parole in the United States was meant for offender control and crime deterrence. Introduction of Elmira system enabled the officials at parole to dismiss the overcrowding conditions due to depression.
History of Auburn/New York system
Auburn system was introduced in 1816 where convicts were given their individual rooms at night, and left together during the day so as to work with other inmates under severe conditions. Hard labour was combined with solitary confinement in order to raise funds that could cater for expenses in the jail.
Downfall of the Auburn/New York system
The collapse of Auburn started when the convict in 1879 were forced to work under severe punishment. By 1890 it collapsed due to pressure that was coming from the outside community that rendered laborers contracts to be phased out. Eventually, a State-use system was put in place as a substitute for the contacts.
Lessons learnt from Elmira
Administration at Elmira understood that if convicts are left in the same place at night, they can end up organizing how they can escape. They also believe that inmates are also people who deserve better living conditions.
Lessons leant from Auburn/New York system
Auburn system was important. Convicts can also be better resources to the economy of a city. Living them to be idle in the prison is not a way of helping them. Therefore convicts are better laborers at what they can perform better.
The Antecedents to Parole
The antecedents are the preceding events, cause, condition that prevails at parole.
Macocochie, Norfolk Island and Crofton’s Irish System
It took the efforts of Macocochie in 1840 to form a parole. Macocochie was an Englishman who governs the island of Norfolk. He introduced three systems of imprisonment other than lifetime imprisonment. First a person is put under strict improvement then to conditional release and finally one is released to freedom. Crofton an Irishman was the founder of s prison system known as Parole system in 1984. During this time he was a governor in Irish, Crofton introduced a three class panel of slavery system. A convict was to undergo these three panels starting with a class of a strict imprisonment then to a class of an intermediate sentence and finally to a class of ticket to leave. All these implementations that were initiated by Macocochie and Crofton improved the status of living in the United States Parole. All the convicts lived with hopes that one day they will be free from prison. Therefore the act of life imprisonment became a forgotten case to the convicts.
4.
Indeterminate sentencing is meant for rehabilitating the offenders. It takes form of parole for one to be released from prison. Key concept of indeterminate sentencing is to ensure that a convicts have changed from the crime issues that inter mingle them. Indeterminate sentencing is meant to reform a convict. Key concern of deterministic sentencing is about equality. Everybody who has done the same crime should be charged equally without favors. Example is in jersey, where anybody who is below 26years and has been charged with an offence is treated under the youth correctional institute. Indeterminate sentencing is a better method; it promotes discipline of inmates in a prison. Discipline happens because of the motivation of prisoners to involve in good behaviors and not to waste good times. Indeterminate sentencing also helps in the reduction of population in prison.
1.
Behaviorist has been broken down into three disciplines that make it differ from other theorists. These disciplines are cognitive behavior therapy, applied behavior analysis and the habit reversal training. Operant conditions have been focused by the applied behavior analysis in the practice of either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement for the modification of behavior. An operant condition in a behaviorist depicts thata character that learning is as a result of behavioral consequences.
2.
The social casework model
Social casework provides tangible services to a person who is in need to solve a problem as explained by Abadinsky. Social casework is of importance to probation and parole since it starts with theory as it extends to actual skills as well as professional training where helping professionals are delivered. Example is grouping convict together and offering them a free environment for interaction.
The reality therapy
Use of reality therapy in probation and parole argues that every person has two precise psychological needs; act of belonging, and need of recognition and self-worth. This makes the therapist to involve an offender in many social groups as he or she motivates an offender towards the achievement of oriented activities. Example is drawing a convict closer so as to attain relevant information.
Behavioral or/ and learning theory
An operant condition is the most used behavioral theory of learning. It argues that most of the behaviors are strengthen due to environmental consequences that one is exposed to. Reinforcers are the consequences of a given behavior. Positive reinforcers can be an award of certificate of achievement after a successful completion of a life skill program; it is a prize for a desirable behavior. Negative reinforcers are behaviors that are considered to be the results of unpleasant behavior.
Similarity between the three models is the end result; they want the convicts to reform from being a negative reinforce to positive reinforcers. The difference comes in the method of achieving their purposes.
3.
Sigmund Freud is a father of psychosexual development theory. This theory of psychosexual development has five stages as named and explained below:
Oral stage
Oral stage takes place as from birth to 18 months of an infant. At this time, an infant is dedicated with acceptance to oral pleasures which happens through bottle feeding or breasts or even though pacifier sucking. A child may end up developing a personality trait or fixation depending on either if he or she gets too little or too less oral stimulation.
Anal stage
Anal stage is concerned with the alertness of bowel control in children as they gains pleasure via the act of retaining and eliminating feces. This development happens to children at the age of 18 months to three years.
Phallic stage
This stage of development happens at the age of three years to six. At this stage, girl child develops attraction to their father as the boy child get attracted to his mother.
Latency stage
Children undergo this stage as from the age of six till the time they click puberty. At this stage, children do make same sex friendship where they play together in a non-sexual way. Unconscious sexual thoughts and desires remain inhibited.
Genital stage
This is a last stage of psychosexual development where a child is at puberty. All the unconscious sexual thoughts and desires are awakened. Most of these changes are brought about by hormones.
Psychosexual development theory is related to probation and parole in a way that the governors can understand what made an individual to commit a crime that he or she was convicted with. The theory makes those who are concerned with the governorship of probation and parole to know where to group and handle every convict.
4
Reality theory is the easiest among the three models. It only requires that a convict to have a sense of belonging, recognition and self-worth. If all these conditions are provided, the convict can easily change his or her behaviors. It is different from other models in that, a person is self-motivated from internal to change his or her behavior. It is a result of ones willingness without being forced by external factors like friendly environment or awards like the other models do.
Reference
- Robert D. (2009) Community Corrections. SAGE Publications, Inc.: London
- Berzoff, J. &, Flanagan, L. (2008) Psychopathology and Psychodynamic Clinical Theory in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts NY: Jason Aronson
