Every culture understands the world and perceives it in a different manner. It is important to be informed of such differences and understand and be sensitive to other cultures. An independent self is a person who can define themselves in terms of their internal thoughts and feelings and their own actions and not in terms of how other people think, feel and act. An interdependent self is the opposite of independent and these are people who define themselves in terms of their relationships to other people; their behavior is determined by the feelings and actions of other people. If Mary were an independent self, she would get married because she wants to be happy and has met the love of her life that she intends to spend the rest of her life. If she has an interdependent view of herself then her reason for getting married would be maybe all her friends are getting married and she does not want to remain behind, her family could be forcing her to get married because of her age or maybe they have chosen a suitor for her. She might also decide to marry someone for superficial reasons such as wealth that could be what her friends or family expect of her.
Introspection is when a person decides to ignore the outside world and looks inside themselves and examines how they think, how they feel and their motives. Introspection is like a cancer and can destroy someone from the inside; it can lead the inner life can turn against itself with devastating consequences. It drastically affects how people approach and experience reality and how a person responds to it.
Cultures have different thought, ideas and values that are important to them. The individualistic culture values freedom and independence while collectivist cultures depend on harmony in the group and consensus. Individualistic societies such as those in the United states and Europe consider individuals as an independent self that can succeed by themselves. The culture is based on self-reliance, individualism and the tenants of freedom. Collectivist cultures focus on the needs and goals of the whole group over the wants and wishes of an individual, relationships and networking with group members play a role in identity. Cultures in Africa, Asia, Central and South America are considered collectivist. People are expected to be generous, dependable, helpful and attentive to other people’s needs.
Over justification, effect occurs when external incentives decrease a person’s motivation internally. Linda parents are trying to prevent her to value the grades more than the money by giving her less money, the reward she feels from working hard should be more rewarding.
One way Jessica can reduce dissonance is by changing her attitude and her belief about red meat or change her behavior. She can decide to stop eating red meat completely or embrace red meat and think of the health benefits and stop believing the theories about red meat and breast cancer. A second way she can get more information about red meat and how it causes cancer to see if this information is relevant. A third way she can reduce dissonance is reducing the importance of cognitions and believe it is better to enjoy red meat today because life is short, and tomorrow is uncertain so she should enjoy herself.
Impact bias is overestimation emotional reaction to events that will happen in future. Someone overestimates the disappointment and level of stress they are going to have if they fail the most important exam they are going to have, if they actually fail the exam they might not be as stresses or disappointment because they will have other events going on in their lives . They can will quickly rationalize the event and reduce how it will impact them emotionally
In a debate between candidate A and B. because of the preference of candidate A, someone is more likely to remember the points by candidate A on issue X because all their focus and attention is on them.
Research shows that infidelity can result from a number of reasons even in individuals who once shared a similar stance like Carl and Roger. Factors such as level of education, better opportunities, attachment style, good income and employment are some factors that could have changed over the years to influence roger's perception of cheating. Other factors such as religion and race and lack of satisfaction in marriage could have also turned roger to infidelity as compared to Carl.
Self-justification can lead someone to commit a wrong and justify it as a right. A major criminal offense such as a murder or rape can sometimes be justified, for instance, killing in a battlefield is still killing. In some cultures, the consent to be tortured is an honor, so rape is not a crime in this case as justified by culture. Euthanasia is also killing but has been self-justified by doctors and family members. Topics of bitter disputes such as pedophilia and abortion have been justified in some cultures and yet they are supposed to be injustices that should be punishable. A pedophile is walking free because of a mental disorder that is perceived to have led to this act.
References
Bastaracherican, R. A. (2008). The Everything Self-Hypnosis Book: Learn to use your mental power to take control of your life. Adams Media press.
Uniacke, S. (1996). Permissible Killing: The Self-Defence Justification of Homicide. Cambridge University Press.
