Research Question
The effect of increasing the concentration of two reactants, i.e. Calcium Chloride solution and Sodium Carbonate solution, on the percentage yield of Calcium Carbonate is to be studied in this experiment. The efficiency analysis for the production of Calcium Carbonate (also known as chalk) is to be carried out.
The dependent variable in this experiment is the percentage yield of Calcium Carbonate, expressed as percentage (%). The independent variable is the concentration of the reactants, i.e. Calcium Chloride solution and Sodium Carbonate solution. The concentrations are expressed in moles/liter or moles/dm3. While the control variable is the mass of the reactants, i.e. Calcium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate. The masses are expressed in grams.
Hypothesis
If the concentration of Sodium carbonate and calcium chloride increases, then the percentage yield of chalk will increase because of the shift of equilibrium to the left. The projection of the experiment establishes the influence of molar concentration about the shift in the concentration of the solution. The demographic presentation of variables in the lab relates the process with which chalk precipitates differ in solution molarity and concentration that affect the crystallization process. Further consideration of solution temperature is essential for the sustenance of better chalk formation processes providing the basis for shifting the CaCl2 and Na2CO3 concentrations in the solution. Analysis of masses provides clear evidence of the progress in the chalk formation process (Tegethoff, 2013). The cooling process accelerates crystallization of salt into precipitate that through a filtration process produces white chalk pellets. The process of chalk formation has a clear relationship with natural chalk development processes in the limestone-dominated areas.
Variables
The independent, dependent and control variables are identified in Table 1.
Analysis
Sample Calculations
The presented data generated from the basic formulae for instance;
Moles of the solution = volume * concentration of the solution
=0.1dm3*0.5mol/dm-3
= 0.05moles
Mass of substance = No. of moles * molar mass of the chemical element
Mass of Na2CO3 = moles* molar mass of Na2CO3
= 0.1dm3 * 0.5moldm-3
= 0.05 moles * 106.00g
= 5.3g + or- 0.01
Moles =mass/ molar mass
Moles of Na2CO3 = mass of Na2CO3/ molar mass of Na2CO3
= 5.3/106
= 0.05 + or – 0.186
= 0.05 + or – 0.0001
The result from the calculation provides the magnitude of potential uncertainty.
Mass of caCl2 = moles * molar mass of CaCl2
= 0.5* 110.96
= 5.555g + or – 0.01
Moles of the CaCl2 used in the reaction process = mass/ molar mass
= 5.555/ 110.96
= 0.0501 + or – 0.0001
The resultant concentration of the solution corresponds to the primary formula presented by;
Concentration = moles / volume of solution
= 0.05/ 0.1
= 0.5 + or – 0.001
For the determination of the concentration of the second solution comparative ration is significant.
Concentration of solution 1*volume of the solution = concentration of solution 2 * the volume of the solution
Concentration of solution 2 = (concentration of solution 1* vol. of solution 1) / volume of solution 2
= (0.5mol/dm3 *0.02dm3) / 0.025dm3
= 0.4mol/dm3 + or – 0.003
Mass of CaCO3 = mass of CaCO3 and filter paper – mass of filter paper
= 2.3g -1.25g
= 1.05g + or – 0.002
The resultant product facilitates the process of establishing the percentage yield of the CaCO3 in the solution. The yield concept estimates an average result regarding the variables that coordinate the effect of error deviation that is a serious concern relating to the use of permissible error limits (Tegethoff, 2013).
Average yield =∑n/ N
= (test 1+ test 2 + test 3) / 3
= (0.85 + 0.87 + 0.86) /3
= 0.86g + or – 02
Percent yield = (actual yield (g)/ mass of the substance) * 100
= (1.05g/ (0.5* 0.025* 100.1) *100%
= 83.08% + or – 1.7
The variation in molar mass presents the extent of permissible degree of freedom or the error margin essential in the calculation of the present uncertainty established through molar differences. The concentration of different solutions links the various elements to the probable component of data generated through system research that harmonizes solute concentration in the solution (Kogel, 2009). The comparative formula facilitates the development of calculation ratios for the entire activity that incorporates the progress of both independent and dependent variables.
Figure 2: Concentration of Calcium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate versus Percentage Yield
Conclusion
The small mass and particle concentration provide significant information about the experimental research based on the ambient level. The standard of carbon concentration in the samples provides an essential relationship, for instance, the increased concentration of the CO2 affects both calcium and sodium based chalk development during the crystallization process. I benefited from the analysis of increased rough conditions initiated by stirring the mixture about the performance of the solution constituents. The research provides a satisfactory response to the hypothesis, that is, if the concentration of Sodium carbonate and calcium chloride increases, then the percentage yield of chalk will increase you have to figure out the because of equilibrium shift to the left. Therefore, I bear the sustained findings that reject the design hypothesis. Temperature variation affects the quantity of NaCl2 used in the experiment. The increased accuracy of the research relies on the efficient harmonization of the research findings through error modification and alignment of the results. The use of larger samples is of essence thus accelerating accuracy of the experimental data. I gained an in-depth application of chalk generation through relevant reaction processes while striving to limit the extent of probable deviation through error adjustment processes in place. The graph provides relative progress in the reaction process based on the concentration of salts in the solution.
Limitations
The prominent barrier I encountered during the test is the existence of limited variation in the truncation of data that may affect the entire business orientation and the evidence of data security in the system. The increased elements of weather changes like the temperature significantly impact on the progress of the research findings. The rising cost of experimental investigation affects the development and performance of the reaction question through the degenerated primary concerns.
Improvements
The noticeable development necessary in the design is relevant the successful use of the system. I further acquired the critical information needed for improving data security. The necessary adjustment required for the creation of factual findings includes increasing the degree of confidence and limiting the rounding off to less than four decimal points thus promoting smooth adoption of the chalk products in the series of experimental tests.
References
Roehl, P. O., & Choquette, P. W. (2012). Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Kogel, J. E. (2009). Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses (Industrial Minerals and Rocks). Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Incorporated.
Tegethoff, F. W. (2013). Calcium Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period into the 21st Century. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel.
