In addition to the direct physical manifestation of swarm phenotype –increased length and number of flagella, swarm cells often produce wetting agent, usually a surface of some type, for instance, the surface in Serrtia (serrwettins) and Bacillus (surfcatin) (White, 2006). In both cases loss of surfactant dramatically decreases swearing proficiency in Bacillus as well as strains of E. Coli do not make surfactants, which is probably why they are such picky swimmers. Surfactants act mainly to maintain surface wetness, which in turn allows cells to swim in every shallow layer of fluid on the surface.
Research findings indicate that the types of surfactant that are under investigation include a synthetic surfactant and animal surfactants. Synthetic surfactant no not contains surfactant apoproteins. Synthetic surfactant lends themselves to large production are less likely to carry immunologic or infection (Cheng-Hwa Ma & Ma, 2012). Functionally, the lung does not produce surfactant, consistent with failed alvoletion due to the immaturity of embryonic lung tissue layers.
As observed, many but not all, hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms produce surfactant extracellular to emulsify, or pseudo solubilizes these water-insoluble substrates before their uptake. Such biosurfactant comprises low molecular weight compounds such as trehalose lipids, rhamnolipids, surfactin, polyol lipids, and fatty acids, and high molecular weight compounds such as emulsan, liposan, mannan, and lipoproteins. Apparently, bio surfactant changes the physical nature of oil but do not eliminate it from the environment. The inhibitory effect as observed by Reese & Maguire (2010) was attributed to surfactant toxicity, preferential metabolism of surfactant over the hydrocarbons with membrane uptake process.
Most irritations and inflammations, which are found in the enzymes, are caused by most micro-organisms due to the simulations by surfactants. The organisms cause most of the irritations, and even the small plants found in animal and human wastes. However, there are some materials and even microorganisms which do not cause pollution, and whose surfactant use is entirely unnecessary. Materials which contain the alkyl or alkylphenol groups do not necessarily need surfactant regulation because their materials usually undergo biodegradation
Most of these substances which cause the inflammations, however, such as the Lactobacillus bulgar incus, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the Lactobacillusreuteri, usually have their originality in the probiotics which produce the surfactants (Kramer, 2007). The inclusion of the surfactant regulation procedures should be based on the level of mechanical ventilation as well as the lung damages and the inflammations (Chess et al. 2010).Although a lot of the micro-organisms are a primary cause of the inflammatory disease and the reasons of the Surfactants, materials such as Cladosporiumresiuae do not set back their surfactant production. Hence, there is no need for the application of the regulative measures when dealing with their productions (Karanth et al., 2013. pp, 9-8).
Some bacteria have a broad range of industrial and bioremediation applications, due to their bio-surfactants and the nature of their amphipathic molecules which make them applicable to the antibiotic activities. The Pseudomonas aeruginosin, produces, rhamnolipid which is very active in the process of pathogenesis, which takes place during the opportunistic pathogen activity (Bodour, 2003). Other micro-surfactants are termed as crucial in the soil development, and they do not require any form of surfactant control since they cause no harm at all to their environment (Desai & Banat, 1997). Bio-surfactants tend to be more friendly to their surroundings that the synthetic surfactants because they usually tend to benefit the environment they live in. In most cases, the bio-surfactants tend to be glycolipids, which are harmless, and so they require minimum or even no need for the surfactant controls.
References
Bodour, A.A., Drees, K.P., and Maier, R.M., (2003), Distribution of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in Undisturbed and Contaminated Arid Southwestern Soils, Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jun; 69(6): 3280–3287. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.6.3280-3287.2003
Calkovska A, Some M, Linderholm B, Curstedt T, Robertson B (2008) Therapeutic effects of exogenous surfactant enriched with dextran in newborn rabbits with respiratory failure induced by airway instillation of albumin. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics 21: 393–400 [PubMed]
Cheng-Hwa Ma Christopher, and Ma Sze, (2012), the Role of Surfactant in Respiratory Distress Syndrome, the Open Respiratory Medicine Journal, 2012 Jul 13.doi: 10.2174/1874306401206010044
Chess, P.R., Benson, R.P., Maniscalco, W.M., Wright, T.W., O'Reilly M.A., and Johnston C.J., “Murine mechanical ventilation stimulates alveolar epithelial cell proliferation”, Exp Lung Res. 2010 Aug;36(6):331-41. doi: 10.3109/01902141003632332
Desai, J.D., and Banat, I.M., (1997), Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential, Microbiology Molecular Biology Reviews,1997 Mar; 61(1): 47–64.
Karanth, N.G.K., Doe, P.G., and Veenanadig, N.K., (c.2013), “Microbial production of bio surfactants and their importance”, Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India, Retrieved from http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul10/articles19.htm
Kramer, B.W., (2007), The respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Intensive Med. 44: 403–408
Miedema M, de Jongh FH, Frerichs I, van Veenendaal MB, van Kaam AH (2011) Changes in Lung Volume and Ventilation During Surfactant Treatment in Ventilated Preterm Infants. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. [PubMed]
Reese E.T., and Maguire, (c. 2010), Surfactants as Stimulants of Enzyme Production by Microorganisms, Applied, and Environmental Microbiology
White, Graham F., (2006), “Bacterial biodegradation of ethoxylated surfactants”, Pesticide Science Volume 37, Issue 2, pages 159–166, 1993, DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780370209
