According to the Betty Neuman's theory, a human being is an open system which interacts with both internal and external environments (Alligood, 2014). In addition, a human is always exposed to constant stressors and he/she must move in the direction where there is holistic stability. This theory views both environments as stressors which a person is exposed to on a daily basis (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2015). In accordance with Betty Neuman's theory, the external factor which affects the health of Mr. Reynolds include the state of being hospitalized, being a widower, living in isolation and environmental risk factors for falls. These are external stressors are a threat to his well-being. The internal factors include post-operation pain, aging and Mr. Reynolds’ vulnerability to Coronary Artery disease and Diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, the nursing interventions should be directed towards minimizing and eliminate the effects of both environments.
Callista Roy’s theory also known as adaptation model, a person is made up of systems and it is the task of an individual to maintain a sense of balance among these systems. In regards to the environment, Callista Roy asserts that these are factors around the patient that have the potential affecting patient’s lifestyle, behavior and personal development (Alligood, 2014). Therefore, a patient has to try to adapt to the current circumstances. The factors which are causing insatiability in Mr. Reynolds life include unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, hospitalization and lack of knowledge on how to cope with aging to prevent factors such as falls. As such, the nursing intervention should be geared towards educating the patient on how he ought to live in a certain area and modify the surrounding environment to meet the needs of Mr. Reynolds.
Nursing intervention
Regarding Callista Roy’s theory, wellness is a continuous process where a healthy person has the capacity to cope and overcome illnesses with time (Alligood, 2014). Adaptation theory acknowledges diseases are inevitable but it is important for a patient to find ways he/she can overcome illnesses and live a healthy life. It is the duty of the nurses to help a client adapt to their current situation, live a healthy and dignify life (Alligood, 2014). Nurses have the duty to assess patient’s environment in connection to client’s behavior and find ways they can encourage adaptation of healthy lifestyle (Smith & Parker, 2015). A nurse ought to educate the patient on how they can interact and live peacefully in his/her environment. Therefore, during the healing process after the surgery, a nurse has to educate Mr. Reynolds on how to cope with the aging process and ways he can use to prevent falls such as the use of walking aid and avoiding slippery floors. The nurse ought to emphasize on physical activities and sports engagement to avoid isolation and sedentary lifestyle. These measures will also have a great impact in reducing the risk of Coronary Artery disease and Diabetes Mellitus reoccurring.
Betty Neuman view wellness as a sense of stability and a journey from illness to well-being (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2015). The sense of wellness can only be achieved when a patient’s needs are addressed adequately. Therefore, a disease occurs when a person is not satisfied or being in a position not to meet his/her needs. On the other hand, according to this theory nursing are actions design to alleviate the client from the stressors (Alligood, 2014). In addressing internal stressors, Mr. Reynolds requires adequate pain management care and patient education on how to manage aging illnesses and mechanisms which can be used to avoid the reoccurrences of Coronary Artery disease and Diabetes Mellitus. The nurse should educate Mr. Reynolds on the kind of diet to take and emphasize the importance of regular health check-ups. In regards to external factors, the nurse has to ensure hospital environment is welcoming, satisfying and comfortable to meet the needs of Mr. Reynolds (Smith & Parker, 2015). This can be achieved by allowing visitation, playing soft music and allow Mr. Reynolds to practice treasured cultural activities such as prayers and meditation during hospitalization period and in a rehabilitation facility.
Patient’s duty
Adaptation is the integration of a person and the environment where an individual is fully aware of their current circumstances and the choices they have to make to live a healthy life (Smith & Parker, 2015). Callista Roy sees a person as a holistic system which interacts with the immediate environment constantly and an individual is capable of adapting to the changes exhibited by the local settings (Alligood, 2014). Therefore, Mr. Reynolds has to balance his personal life such as adopting healthy behaviors such engaging in physical activities and improve his relationship with his children and people around him. He has to observe environmental hazards which would increase his risk of fall and utilize walking aids to prevent the incidence of fall.
Betty Neuman observes that for Mr. Reynolds to get better he has to overcome the pressure being exerted by the external and internal stimuli to living a healthy life (Alligood, 2014). In this case, rehabilitation facility will be helpful to Mr. Reynolds in eliminating cases of isolation. In addition, he has to follow nurse instructions to maintain the state of wellness and go for regular check-ups regarding Coronary Artery disease and Diabetes Mellitus.
Reference
Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L. W. (2015). Understanding the work of nurse theorists. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.
