Introduction
Every day we learn about new facts of violence around the world. The statistics show the high frequency of murder occurrence based on ill-treatment, and in everyday life we often become witnesses of angry accusations or shouting.
Harmful behavior of another human is always perceived as evil from the point of philosophical and moral aspects. Yet history is full of examples of aggressive behavior not only of individuals but also of entire nations.
Why do people tend to deliberately cause suffering to another? Why are there conflicts, accompanied by outbursts of anger and evil cries? These questions do not have simple answers, so the problem of aggression and violence is considered from different points of view - religion, physiology, philosophy and other sciences.
Existing theories variously explain the meaning, causes and mechanisms of aggressive behavior. Some see aggression as innate motivation, desire, instinct, others argue that the desire to cause harm is caused by frustration (need to discharge), and others perceive aggression as a kind of social learning (for instance, as a result of imitation or past experience) (Fuentes, 2012).
So, aggression - is the deliberate destructive behavior of the person, which brings other people to physical damage and (or) psychological discomfort.
Manifestations of aggression vary. Aggression and violence are both direct and indirect, inner and outer, physical and verbal, protective and provocative, healthy and destructive.
Aggression and violence are often associated with negative emotions such as anger, rage, fury, but an aggressive act can occur in a strong emotional excitement, and in the state of composure. This behavior is sometimes associated with certain motives and negative attitudes, such as the desire to offend or hurt, racial prejudice, but may be unmotivated (Bushman, “Aggression and Violence”). Many authors emphasize the focus on the subject of aggression. In other words, the battle of dishes in a rage and punching the wall in their opinion are not aggressive behavior and are more likely to be expressive. Nevertheless, such a flash with the time of negative emotions may be sent in respect of living beings.
It is often said that the aggressive behavior - is a form of response to various adverse physical and mental against life situations that cause stress, frustration, and similar conditions (Fuentes, 2012). That is true, but aggression is not necessarily a form of response, furthermore it is often a proactive policy and a deliberate choice of the person.
The Causes of Aggression and Violent Behavior
Most often the aggressive behavior develops under the influence of these unfavorable factors:
1. Substance abuse, leading to the absence or weakening of control over the situation, the desire to satisfy only their own needs.
2. Children's upbringing and mental trauma defects. Parents’ behavior can be the cause of children's aggressiveness. Computer games, movies, TV programs with scenes of violence promote enthusiasm for aggression and violence (Bushman, “Aggression and Violence”).
3. The problems in person’s personal life, social disorder, domestic difficulties.
4. The accumulation of nervous tension, lack of proper rest.
5. In addition, the aggression can be a manifestation of a variety of mental illnesses and disorders (epilepsy, schizophrenia), it is the result of experienced organic (meningitis, encephalitis) or emotional trauma.
Very often the causes of aggression are also purely subjective factors. Different customs, revenge, religious or ideological fanaticism, the image of a strong man - all this can provoke destructive behavior.
According to the research aggressive and violent behavior can be explained by the fact that the person in childhood learns to be aggressive (Bushman, “Aggression and Violence”). Children believe that if they behave aggressively, they will be successful. They see that the other children and their parents in certain situations behave aggressively and thereby achieve certain results. Therefore, if the children think that by doing so they will be able to achieve the desired results, then begin to copy this behavior. Based on this theory, one could argue that the media, especially television, have a great influence on the aggressive behavior of children. However, studies show that this view is largely wrong. Although children and tend to imitate certain characters from the movie, nevertheless they are still greatly influenced by "real people" that surround them and from which they actually learn something.
Types of Aggression and Violence
There are different types of aggression and violence and methods of their classification. It should be understood that aggression and violence have different orientation. The so-called hetero-aggression focused on others - that it is the result of abuse, beatings, rape and even murder. Human self-aggression focused solely on himself and expressed in self-destructive actions, the outcome of which may be a suicide. Aggression can be reactive or spontaneous. In the first case, it is a response to the current situation irritable, an example of which can serve as a home quarrel, conflict at work. Spontaneous aggression manifests no apparent reasons under the influence of internal impulses. It is this version of aggression is often a sign of mental disorders or diseases.
Aggression Manifestation
Aggression Manifestation - is an external demonstration of human dissatisfaction with anything. Quite often the subject himself may not be aware of their sense of frustration and not be aware of its causes, and not aware of his aggressive behavior. Aggression in men and women is slightly different. Men are more prone to its physical manifestation of their dissatisfaction with the whole looks like a blow on the table with his fist. Women are more emotional it as part of disconnected complaints, accusations, inferences that cannot be rationale. Aggression tends to accumulate in the individual and to manifest itself in the event of a collision with a provoking factor, which may have no relationship to the real causes of aggression. Therefore it is very important in struggling against aggression to pay special attention to identifying the main reasons for its occurrence.
The Solution
Aggression always brings suffering, sometimes even to the person who acts as an aggressor. But it is possible to deal with it. Aggressive and violent behavior, as well as any other type of human activity can be changed. To understand the causes of their own aggression, learn new adaptive ways to respond to difficult situations, be able to cope with their own emotional state is possible with the help of psychotherapy, particularly high efficiency of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.
However, it should be clearly understood that the manifestation of aggression, anger, aggressive behavior is a form of mental reactions, ie, it is a product of higher nervous activity. This suggests that these mental reactions are a medical problem and it should be solved by a doctor, therapist or psychiatrist, a specialist who has a medical degree.
Aggressive behavior and other behavior disorders indicate a high risk of possible factors of violence by intimate partners. This fact points to the need and treatment strategies that promote healthy intimate relationships and in particular combating risks of violence in youth, working with adolescents who have observed disorders.
Numerous books and articles offer good practical advice on psychological training - work with a psychologist. Others focused on restraint and seclusion - patient treatment. There are a lot of techniques respond to the latest data for the study of aggressive behavior.
Nevertheless there is not enough of qualitative methods focused on conducting behavioral correction, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions that efficient use of time, and recommended an international health organization.
Impulsive aggression is characterized by the inability to control its own will effort. In addition, aggressive impulses are often accompanied by other mental disorders, which include disorders such as depression, neurosis, endogenous mental illness, substance abuse, alcoholism and drug addiction, including behavioral disorders and personality disorders (Martinez, 2001).
Though, most patients with mental health problems are not aggressive. However, epidemiological data suggest an increased risk of violence among people with mental disorders compared with the general population. In recent years, more and more researchers are working to improve the socio-cognitive model to explain the causes of aggressive behavior (Martinez, 2001). Scientists presume that aggressive behavior is the result of distortions in the processing of information, which leads to a distorted perception of the situation. The pedagogical and therapeutic practice of socio-cognitive method for the analysis of aggressive behavior is considered the most effective. Using this method, the distortion can be selectively diagnosed and affect the necessary incentives in accordance with the level of human development.
References
Bushman, B. J. Aggression and Violence.
Fuentes, A. (10/15/2012). The Roots of Human Aggression. Race, Monogamy and Other Lies They Told You: Busting Myths About Human Nature.
International Society for Research on Aggression, World Meeting.
Martinez, M. (2001). Prevention and Control of Aggression and the Impact on its Victims.
