There are four elements of intelligence depending on the activity involved. These are collection, analysis, covert action, and counterintelligence (Bacastow & Schukman, 2007). This paper will focus on the collection element of intelligence which includes Human-Source Intelligence (HUMINT), Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), and Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT).
HUMINT is the oldest form of gathering because it is basically the collection of knowledge through human resources. This intelligence provides different agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and DIA ways to device covert actions and to infiltrate targets. IMINT comprises image representations taken or reproduced optically or electronically and is managed by the NGA. Imagery results from photography, infrared and radar sensors, electro-optics, and lasers. SIGINT are derived from transmitted signals. Most of this are intercepted using all communication devices, electronics, and/or foreign instrument signals and is managed by the NSA. OSINT, coming from how it is called, are openly available resources mostly created for public use including the television, radio, newspapers, online works, databases, graphics, and the like. Intelligences coming from OSINT are disseminated through the IC, while the NASIC and the FBIS are its major collectors. MASINT is intelligence data excluding those collected from SIGINT and IMINT such as those derived from acoustics, seismic and radio frequencies, and material sciences. These are managed through the Central MASINT Organization inside the DIA. GEOINT are basically analysed and visualised activities on earth produced using geospatial information and imagery intelligence.
Although HUMINT is seen as the major asset for the collection of intelligence since information collected from the other forms still comes from human-mind, according to Lewis (2004), efforts for counter-terrorism need the combination of intelligence resources to work collectively and to “piece the puzzle of potential attacks”. This will enable an effective response to alleviate or hinder the plans of terrorist groups.
References
Bacastow, Todd & Schukman, Karen. (2007). Foundations of Geographic Information and Spatial Analysis. Retrived from Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences Website https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/courses/bootcamp/lo07/07.html
Lewis, Rand. (2004). “Espionage and the War on Terrorism: Investigating U.S. Efforts”. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(1). 175-180.
