Research Objective
Hypothesis
There is a significant positive impact on athletes level of performance as a result of performance orientated feedback
The effects of change oriented feedback on the level of athlete’s performance are both positive and negative.
Introduction
Athlete’s performance is highly determined by intrinsic motivation as well as feedback from motivators. There are two types of feedback that affects the athlete’s level of performance; performance orientated and change orientated feedback. Performance orientated feedback is considered as negative feedback (Carpentier and Mageau, 2013). It is important to note that performance-orientated feedback relays information about the performance level of the athlete as per the expectation and it aimed at encouraging the athlete to perform even better. On the other hand, change-orientated feedback re-laid information regarding the inadequate performance level of the athlete and aimed at changing the behavior for improved results (Hagger and Chatzisarantis, 2007)
Literature Review
A study done by Carpentier and Mageau (2013) on the effects of change-orientated feedback on the levels of athlete’s performance indicated the change orientated feedback improved well-being, motivation as well as performance in athletes. The study, which included 340 athletes and 58 coaches, concluded that change-orientated feedback motivates athletes and guide them towards improved performance and motivation; it can also result in negative consequence like a decreased in the self-esteem of athletes and anxiety. It proposed that the quality of changed-orientated feedback was the key to predicating athlete’s reaction.
In another study by Gillet et al. that investigated the impact of performance orientated feedback it was reported that performance-orientated feedback presented both negative and positive effects on athlete’s level of performance. While performance-orientated feedback encouraged and motivated athletes to keep up with the performance was satisfactory (Gillet et al, 2012). This suggestion results to relaxation regarding performance. It encouraged a feeling of reaching the height of performance among athletes, thus the lack of need or room for improvement.
Methodology
Research Design
The research lays emphasis on the consequence of feedback, self-determination, motivation and autonomy on the performance of athletes. It incorporates casual research given that it is founded on the identified challenges in the feedback mechanism as well as self-motivation degree of the athletes which affects their performance. Furthermore, the current study will employ the use of quantitative research. This will prompt the use of empirical analysis so as to address the predetermined research objectives. The study also includes the application and use of meta-analysis study since data will be collected from independent studies to sustain the identified variables from the literature.
Sampling Design
This study will employ the use of meta-analysis to collect imperative data on the variables defined in the study. It will sample different statistical data from various sources such as independent studies concerning factor affecting the level of performance in athletes. The sampled data will be analysed according to the variables and research objectives. The three main research objectives will be used to determine the statistical data to use from the various independent studies presented. Only data from independent studies on the effect of oriented feedback and performance level in athletes shall be used for the study. The statistical data gathered will be analysed and used to draw conclusions based on the three hypotheses initially identified in the study.
Data collection and Analysis
The source of the secondary data will be scholarly researches obtained from Wiley Online Library, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Emerald and Sage Publications. The collected data will be analysed using SPSS version 21. The empirical tested composed of sensitivity analysis and meta-regression will be implied so as to examine the relationship between the identified variables.
Results
A total of 280 athletes and 48 coaches participated in different studies to determine the effects of change-oriented and performance oriented feedback on the level of athlete’s performance. A section of the population participated in determining the effects of change-oriented feedback while the remaining section participated in determining the effects associated with performance oriented feedback. Athletes and coaches filled questionnaires after a training session. In the studies, coaches were asked to report on their passion and evaluate the athlete’s motivation. On the other hand, athletes were asked to evaluate their coaches’ feedback. Performance oriented feedback was found to be directly linked to self-determined motivation in athletes (alpha=0.93, p<.006), self-esteem (alpha = 0.32, p<0.001) and gratification on the need for competence (alpha=0.19, p<0.006). On the other hand change-oriented feedback was linked to amotivation (alpha =-0.04, p<0.006) and negative affect (alpha =-0.24, p<0.001). The data collected indicated a positive effect of 67% on sport performance attributed to performance oriented feedback while 33% attributed to change oriented performance.
Discussion
Coaches represent some of the most famous icons to athletes. Not only do coaches act as models, but they are also authoritative figures, motivators and confidants. As a consequence, they play a significant role in the lives of athletes. They form some of the determining factors of the athlete’s level of performance. Coaches demonstrate profound behavioral, cognitive and emotional impacts on their athletes. These results present an effect on the levels of performance of athletes. The impact on the athletes of return can either be negative of positive. Feedback is defined as information expressed to the athletes concerning the degree to which their performance and behavior correspond to expectations. It is regarded as one of the most significant coaching attributes since it directly passes on information regarding the competence demonstrated by athletes (Gillet et al, 2012)
Both performance and change-oriented feedback present profound effects on the level of performance demonstrated by athletes. Performance-oriented feedback confirms and reinforces likeable behaviour as opposed to change oriented feedback which shows that the athletes performance insufficient and requires modification.
References
Carpentier, J., and Mageau, G., 2013. When change-oriented feedback enhances motivation, well-being, and performance: A look at autonomy-supportive feedback in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(3), pp.423-435.
Gillet, N., Berjot, S., Vallerand, R.J., Amoura, S. and Rosnet, E., 2012. Examining the motivation-performance relationship in competitive sport: A cluster-analytic approach. International Journal of Sports Psychology, 43(2), p.79.
Hagger, M. and Chatzisarantis, N., 2007. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Saemi, E., Porter, J.M., Ghotbi-Varzaneh, A., Zarghami, M., and Maleki, F., 2012. Knowledge of results after relatively good trials enhances self-efficacy and motor learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(4), pp.378-382.
