A1. The global contact changed the world during the middle ages and the early modern period through a globalizing character where colonization and exploration of the Americans sustained contacts in the isolated parts of the world. The historical powers were involved in the global trade. Capitalist economies around the world became globally articulated and sophisticated, which saw the rise and dominance of mercantilism theory of economy. It also led to the colonization of the Europeans who spread Christianity in the 15th and 19th century around the globe. Interactions and encounters between cultures were inevitable mostly in by the non-westerners.
A2. The kind of contacts took place were the Mongols who established an empire that extended from China to Europe. The conquests were paid and the late middle ages became strong with Russian Republics and principalities.
A3. The Greeks who reached Zenith under the empire of Alexander the great initiated early modern period initiated the global contact. The western and northern Europe became dominated by La Tene culture that later grew into the Roman republic. Dynastic wars and struggles kept Europe much longer in the wars. Central Europe became a large empire, which was dominated by Hasburg.
A4.The contacts were motivated by the modern era of the renaissance. The contacts were from Southern Rhodesia. The contact included Thomas L. Friedman and Ferdinand Magellan. The European history comprised of the period between the 14th and 16th century followed by high middle ages and the precedence of early modern era.
A5.The kind of technology that made them possible was development of Renaissance, which challenged the traditional doctrines of theology and science. The age of discovery led to oceanic exploration that established a direct link with America, Asia, and Africa. Europe became a leading power after the conflict between Spain and France ended. The combination of resources led to industrial revolution of the Great Britain in the manufacturing industry.
A6. The long-term consequences were the progress of the sciences and arts by the ancient Greek. Contacts with the Arabs through Latin texts accelerated the importance and availability of the Greek texts. Invention of printing facilitated democratized learning. Europeans discovered new trading routes, which strengthened the power and the economy of European nations.
A7. The items that were traded among groups were food crops, goods, animals, and plants. Garments and clothing were traded among the Chinese and the Americans. These groups included India, China, Crusades, Africa, Mongols, Europe, and Americas. Most people spent their resources on what they did not own through trade. The rich used their income on works of art and conspicuous artier. Trade saw the formation of capitalist economies that were more globally articulated and sophisticated. Transportation and communication progressed through the reduction of trading distances.
Critical thinking questionsA8. The similarities between the Greeks and the Mayans they came up with calendar systems. The Mayans calendar systems were considered more accurate than that of the Greeks. The difference between the Mayans and the Greeks was that the Mayans numeral system was based on base 20 while the Greek numeral system was based on base 10. A9. Political boundaries and identities emerged in medieval Europe. The development of political and economic life contributed to the new trends such as scholarship, religion, and literature, which have shaped the European culture. Political territorial expansion brought an economic change in the European political organization and social relations. These changes created independent classes that gained absolute power. The emergence of cities in the Medieval Europe led to the establishments of political organizations whose laws were designed to govern the state. A10.The outsiders developed the European identity through cultural identities and interactions. The availability of goods altered the radical distribution of the population in Europe. New techniques brought about by the outsiders led to a higher production of food for the rising population. Increased productivity led to urbanization, emergence of cities and market towns that established social patterns in the society. A11. The Reformation successful when previous reform movements had not been because they had not addressed the theological and national tensions. The spread of renaissance inventions and ideas contributed to the formation of Protestantism. The Roman Catholic initiated an important council, which spearheaded the development of a new society organized to counter Protestant movement.A12. Reformation affected politics and law, which was governed by the church. It encouraged the formation of a social structure through literacy, social work, and education for peasants who did not have support. The economy grew rapidly due to the growth of reformation itself and peoples living standards were raised. Women advanced after the reformation was formed and they gained equality and authority as co-workers and in the households.A13. The impact of humanism on the Renaissance was to challenge medieval education and to emphasize practical, scientific, and pre-professional studies. They focused on training professionals such as doctors, professional theologians, and lawyers who were taught using approved textbooks in medicine, theology, and law. Humanism increased the content, significance, and actual scope of the schools and universities curriculum, which brought about extensive literacy production.A14. China led economically and politically in the medieval period because China was a member of multilateral organizations, which were characterized as superpower by military analysts, public policy, a number of academics and economic analysts. The emperors Gengus Khan and Zheng He launched infrastructure projects, which helped China to realize growth of their economy in the long-term.A15. Similarities between medieval Japan and medieval Europe are that they had social-political systems that were similar. They did not possess a strong central government instead peasants and warriors controlled their land in smaller units. The difference between medieval Japan and medieval Europe was land ownership. Europe gained their land payment from the military service while Japanese did not own land instead they got their income from taxing peasants.A16. Southernization refers to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and spread to other places around the world. The southern Asians played an important part in development of southern Asia, which underwent advancement of production, mathematics, and astronomy. The southern Rhodesians were involved in the conflict in southern Asia. Emperor Wu of Han and Ban Chao were responsible for creating the voyages. The expansion of Southernization underlay the technological, political, social, and economic developments of the dynasties. The kind of technology which was developed by Christopher Columbus was used in the republican was renewable natural resources and development of Latin alphabets for communication. The Arabs ensured that the technology was made available to the rest of the globe. Technology for developing ships was used to manufacture them to make trips around the globe possible.A17. The biggest challenges faced by Kubilai Khan are dealing with enemies where he had to use brutal force and extreme violence, a multicultural empire, a multicultural society and monitoring a global economy. He handled the challenges using different cultures, religions, and languages to deal with the diverse cultures. He created taxation systems and promoted commerce and culture. He had to use special abilities to deal with his enemies. He was known for his artistic, scientific, and intellectual mindset.
Work Cited
McKay, John P.. A History of World Societies, Combined Volume: 9th.. Gordonsville: Bedford Books, 2012. Print.
