1. model.
2. learner
3. shaper.
4. reinforcer.
1. aversion conditioning
2. higher-order conditioning
3. systematic desensitization
4. Flooding
Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcement. His research illustrated the difference between
1. learning and performance.
2. association and reinforcement
3. goals and learning.
4. learning and mapping.
Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because
1. only one association may be required.
2. the US can occur hours after the CS.
3. the US and the CS must be contiguous.
4. both a and b
You are absolutely terrified of dogs. Your behavior therapist is taking you to a kennel where you will be surrounded by 10 dogs. This therapeutic approach is known as
1. flooding
2. higher-order conditioning.
3. aversion conditioning.
4. systematic desensitization.
Both generalization and discrimination are ____ because they allow us to understand that a red traffic light means stop in any city and to distinguish the faces in our family.
1. innate
2. adaptive
3. abnormal
4. Illogical
Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the
1. behavior was forgotten.
2. behavior was not permanently lost.
3. behavior was not adaptive
4. behavior was innate.
A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. This is an example of
1. response generalization.
2. discrimination
3. generalization.
4. higher-order conditioning.
The extinction of conditioned responses leads to their permanent eradication.
1. True
2. False
The cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning states that
1. organisms learn the relationships between events.
2. organisms form mental representations and make predictions about events.
3. the focus is on the information learned by the organism.
4. All of the above
In operant conditioning the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can
1. happen at random.
2. can happen by chance.
3. can be done even while receiving physical guidance.
4. all of the above
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp. The fact that he cannot eat shrimp to this day is a classic example of
1. predicted taste conditioning
2. taste aversion.
3. taste conditioning.
4. taste associations.
Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with
1. increases in aggressive thoughts and behavior in the laboratory.
2. a history of juvenile delinquency.
3. a greater likelihood of males acting aggressively after playing the games.
4. All of the above
Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?
1. because a CS is never really extinguished
2. because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs
3. because a CS always has the potential of eliciting a UR
4. because the US always elicits a CR
Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs
1. a new or novel behavior.
2. a behavior that was never reinforced.
3. a previously extinguished response.
4. none of the above
Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in
1. extinction of the CR
2. extinction of the US.
3. extinction of the CS.
4. counter conditioning.
Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.
1. variable-ratio
2. variable-interval
3. fixed-ratio
4. fixed-interval
After a stroke destroyed a large area of his frontal lobe, Dwight was less able to integrate information based on
1. procedural memories
2. place and time.
3. sensory input.
4. verbal memories.
The ability to remember the letters of the alphabet or the words in the Pledge of Allegiance is due to
1. episodic memory.
2. sensory memory.
3. rote memory.
4. none of the above
The story about a woman with amnesia who was able to dial her mother's telephone number even though she could not declare it, is an example of priming ____ memory.
1. explicit
2. implicit
3. episodic
4. Semantic
Mechanical association learning used by an actor to memorize his lines, which requires time and repetition, is called
1. verbal memory.
2. episodic memory.
3. rote memory.
4. speech memory
Amy is trying to remember her social security number, while registering for school. What technique would help Amy in this process?
1. Stare at the numbers on her social security card to create an icon in her short-term memory.
2. Repeat the list of numbers to herself one at a time.
3. Rehearse the set of numbers keeping them in the 3 chunks format.
4. This is not possible because a social security number is made up of 9 numbers, which is larger than short-term memory capacity
All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been shown to play a role in memory EXCEPT
1. adrenaline and noradrenaline.
2. dopamine and GABA
3. estrogen and testosterone.
4. glutamate and vasopressin.
The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as
1. subconscious transfer.
2. retrieval.
3. maintenance rehearsal
4. retrospective memory.
At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using Spanish words he learned in high school. This is an example of
1. proactive interference.
2. method of savings
3. retroactive interference.
4. repression.
You are taking notes, while listening to a lecture. The sensory register holds the information as ____ in your ____ memory.
1. echoes; echoic
2. echoes; iconic
3. echoes; eidetic
4. icons; eidetic
The process by which new information displaces older information in short-term memory could explain why
1. the most recently learned bit of information is less likely to be forgotten.
2. the least recently learned bit of information is more likely to be forgotten.
3. both a and b
4. the capacity of short-term memory is variable
Paul can only remember the conclusions of his speech. This is an example of the
1. serial-position effect.
2. latency effect
3. primacy effect.
4. forgetting effect.
The correct order of events in memory processing is
1. retrieval, storage, and encoding.
2. storage, encoding, and retrieval.
3. encoding, storage, and retrieval
4. encoding, retrieval, and storage.
When items are correctly organized in long-term memory you are more likely to recall accurate information about them.
1. False
2. True
Which of the following is not a type of prospective memory?
1. time-based tasks
2. habitual tasks.
3. event-based tasks.
4. knowledge-based tasks.
Joy just learned to speak French, but she notices that sometimes when speaking Spanish to her friends French words come to mind. This is an example of
1. proactive interference.
2. retroactive interference.
3. repression.
4. method of savings
It appears that storage bins for long-term memories are located in
1. one specific brain area.
2. the frontal lobe only
3. the hippocampus.
4. different brain areas.
Craik and Lockhart argue that memory storage and recall depends upon the ____ of the processing that takes place.
1. encoding
2. depth
3. vividness
4. length
